alot of unit 2

Ganges River

flows into Bay of Bengal

Arabian Sea

trade link to border of Middle East

Harapa and Mohenjo Daro

had oven-dried bricks, not good sewage system(do business outside window)

Harappan trade

put trading stamps on packages, traded with Mesopotamia and Egypt

Mohenjo-Dar

1750-1500BCE, "city of the dead" massive earthquake and tsunami

Aryans

comes from Caspian Sea and left to head South for 300-500 years to get to India

sanskrit

language from ancient India

Rig Veda

longest and most important veda

Rajas

chiefs; chosen based on military ability advised by council of elders/warriors

Maharajas

great rajas

Varna

color and caste system

Brahmins

priests (top of caste system)

Kshatriyas

warriors (second of caste system)

Vaishyas

farmers, landowners (third of caste system)

Shudras

peasants and laborers (bottom of caste system)

Brahman (Pushra)

eternal life force and is in everyone and everything

Mauryan Empire

(322-297BCE) Greeks and Romans are obsessed

Chandragupta Maurya

went from highest to lowest because dad (warrior) died and mom gave him to cow shepherd who sold him to hunter

Chanakya

took Chandragupta under his wing (job was to choose the man who would unite India)

Mahabharata

longest poem; about Pandara brothers are sons of Pandu, brothers fight and Arjuna is scared he will lose and die

Arjuna

great warrior in Mahabharata

Indo-European kingship

Raja needs to be good warrior

Fui Xi

domesticated first animals, invents hunting and fishing nets, and creates family unit

Shen Nohg

came up with wooden plow concept and teaches to farm

Who came up with Chinese writing

we don't know

what is important about Daoxian cave

42 sets of human teeth (first evidence of humans in China)

Oracle bone and concept

king would ask question to priest who would write down possible answers. priest throws bone in fire and where the crack is the answer is.

what about oracle bones are important

only piece of Chinese writing we have

Clan

multiple families, farming settlements, led by one person (male), clans were separated by ditches

Shang Dynasty

1600-1046 BCE, bureaucracy

farmer life

peasant doesn't own the land under Zhou it doesn't change except the technology(plow, fertilizer, etc) which allowed them to make more $$

Zhou Dynasty

the longest lasting Chinese dynasty, worked with iron and new farming technology

Rites of the Zhou/Mandate of Heaven

has to be a king (impersonal nature law)

Confucianism beliefs

built off of relationships, emperors rule by will of heaven, mankind is good and has prosperity, mankind requires structure, order, balance, for good to come out

Confuscious

born into a poor family, obsessed with creating China's emperor

Jen

golden rule

Chun-tzu

superior person (authentic)

Li

way things should be done (manners)

Rectification of Names

saying things how they are (honest at all cost)

Doctrine of the Mean

not too little or too much (middle) EXCEPT SPORTS

who was mainly taught the beliefs of Confucius

highly educated people so peasants would follow

father and son

loving/respectful and obedient

husband and wife

loving/listening

elder sibling and younger sibling

loving and decision maker/ respectful

ruler and subject

divinely good/loyalty

elder and younger

respectful/let them be decision maker

Ordered Society

learned from Analects (conversations of scholars with Confucius) written after Confucius died

Puranas

central text of Hinduism

Semantics

the study of words and things

Pan-Hellenism

shared sense of Greekness

Great Leap Forward

standardization of tools and technology

Domestication of animals

100,000 BCE

Domestication of plants

8,000 BCE

What animals were domesticated?

dogs, pigs, sheep, horses, and chickens

Clovis Point

point of spearhead (bones were a good tool), they would smash rocks with hard rock to make a point

Theocracy

government run by religious leaders

Cuneiform

the world's first system of writing by Mesopotamia

Sumer

The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia near Persian Gulf

Sargon the Great

good soldier, great first great conquerer of Mesopotamia creates first empire

What does Sargon the Great do?

creates first empire (Akkad)

Hammurabi

Heir of Babylonian Empire

Hammurabi's Code

first written code/set of laws, were very harsh consequences

Narmer

United upper and lower Egypt

Khufu (Sneferu's son)

built Great Pyramid and ruled for a while

Ka

In ancient Egypt, the immortal human life force.

Memphis

The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were buried in the nearby pyramids.

Amenhotep IV

obsessed with sun god: Aten makes Egypt monotheistic\= people mad, changes name to Atun, after he dies people try to erase him from history (his son specifically)

Hyksos (Middle Kingdom)

invade the Nile Delta (win bc of advances things like chariots and horses, bows), conquers Lower Thebes but og family rules\= Hyksos and them fight (verbally)

Ahmose I

New Kingdom pharaoh who drove out the Hyksos by cutting off resources then attacking them and reunited Egypt\= unity and stability (also attacks Mesopotamia)

Second Punic War (218-201 BC)

Hannibal leads Carthage attack on land. Goes around Alps using war elephants. Romans lose first 3 battles. Hannibal enlists Macedonia for help. Scipio attacks North Africa and draws Hannibal away. Romans win battle of Zama and force Carthage to negotiate a peace treaty (no army or navy). Rome takes over Macedonia.

Hannibal Barca

Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants.

Quintus Fabius Maximus

Roman general who tried to delay Hannibal instead of attacking him outright ("The Delayer" or "Coward")

Scipio Africanus

Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (237-183 BC)

Battle of Zama

the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War

Third Punic War Outcome

Romans completely wiped out Carthage by burning the city to the ground, salting the fields and selling its people into slavery

Third Punic War (details)

Hannibal's brother stands in while he's in Iberia, Scipio brothers\= Roman general, Maximus is back

Cicero

Rome's greatest public speaker; he argued against dictators and called for a representative government with limited powers

Carthago delenda est

"Carthage must be destroyed" in Latin.

Roman consuls (elected by aristocratic panels)

2 rulers with equal power for 1 year and they can veto something the other consul does, 2 standing armies with 1 consul for each

Senate (heads of aristocratic families)

council old men (advisory council for kings) with ability to pass laws

Oligarchy

group of Patricians that rule

Triumph

religious ceremony after Roman victory, celebrate warfare

stipendium

payment made to Roman soldiers, importance\= opens up eligibility for Romans to fight\= expansion

Mediterranean Sea

axis to which Rome expands

Carthago delenda est (transition)

Carthage must be destroyed

Samnite Wars

War between Romans and the Samnites (mountain people) who were conquered in 304 BCE

King Pyrrhus of Epirus

Pyrrhus defeats 2 Roman armies

Perseus of Macedon

son of Philip the 5th, and reason Greece is conquered by Rome

First Punic War (264-241 BC)

Carthage doesn't want to be taken over by Sicily so ask Romans for help. Rome wins and establishes a providence in Sicily with Roman governor. Carthage becomes worried and attacks Rome. Rome creates gruesome peace treaty with Carthage.

Vettii

Capital of Etruscans. Romans' first conquest, city closest to Rome

Importance of Vettii

aristocrats fought over each other and disrupt each other's trade so they could individually benefit ($$$)

Etruscans

shared culture with and traded with Greeks, and Phonecians, each city had a clan (1 person the leader), borrow Greek alphabet

Where is Rome

Tiber River with natural borders (mountains and cities), 925-900 was first evidence of settlers

Latin Rights (speak Latin)

1.) Can marry anyone from any of 30 cities 2.)can move from city to city (within the 30)

Comita Curiata (religious gathering)

assembly of citizens: where augars take future king and everyone gathers with them and raises hand of support

Numa Pompilius

The 2nd king of Rome, establishes/creates Roman religion (like augars) (lasts for 650 years)

Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin II)

thinks he should be king bc his dad is killed, marries royal person\= later king and hires hitman to kill Tullius, rapes advisors chief's wife\= citizens of Rome kick him out

What happens after Tarquin II is kicked out of Rome

Rules Vettii/Etruscans and Rome wages war on them and wins, after that Rome is scared to have someone who takes alot of power\= no tyrants/ monarchy

The Temple at Delphi was home to the

oracle

The longer a tyrant ruled

the more random and oppressive his rule tended to become