glands

Thyroid gland

• Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4 ): Stimulates and maintains metabolic processes • Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium level

Parathyroid glands

• Parathyroid hormone (PTH): Raises blood calcium leve

Adrenal medulla

• Epinephrine and norepinephrine: Raise blood glucose level; increase metabolic activity; constrict or dilate blood vessels

Adrenal cortex

• Glucocorticoids: Raise blood glucose level; control inflammation • Mineralocorticoids: Promote reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys

Ovaries (in females)

• Estrogens*: Stimulate uterine lining growth; promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics • Progesterone*: Promotes uterine lining growth

Testes (in males)

• Androgens*: Support sperm formation; promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

Hypothalamus

Hormones released from posterior pituitary • Releasing and inhibiting hormones: Regulate anterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary

• Oxytocin: Stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells; modulates behavior • Vasopressin, also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Promotes retention of water by kidneys; modulates behavior

Anterior pituitary

• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH): Stimulate gonads (ovaries or testes) • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates thyroid gland • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Stimulates adrenal cortex • Prolactin: Stimulates mammary gland growth and milk synthesis in mammals • Growth hormone (GH): Stimulates growth and metabolic functions • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): Affects color of melanocytes, a type of skin cell

Pancreas

• Insulin: Lowers blood glucose level • Glucagon: Raises blood glucose level