Nursing Concepts in Cardiology

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary terms and concepts from the chapter on Nursing Concepts in Cardiology, focusing on cardiovascular physiology, disease processes, assessment, and nursing interventions.

What is intermittent claudication?

A condition characterized by pain in the legs due to inadequate blood flow, often brought on by exercise.

What are the Six P's of limb ischemia?

Pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, paralysis, and hypothermia.

Define cardiac output.

The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute, usually measured in liters.

What does stroke volume refer to?

The volume of blood pumped from the heart with each beat.

Identify the signs of fluid volume overload.

Tachypnea, JVD, pulmonary congestion, and tachycardia.

What are the hallmark signs of pericarditis?

Chest pain that worsens when lying down and friction rub upon auscultation.

What is the purpose of diuretics in cardiovascular treatment?

To reduce fluid overload and lower blood pressure.

What are the three parts of Virchow's triad related to venous thrombosis?

Venous stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability.

What does the term 'venous insufficiency' refer to?

A condition where the veins have difficulty sending blood back to the heart, resulting in pooling of blood.

What are varicose veins?

Swollen, twisted veins that are visible just under the surface of the skin, often caused by venous insufficiency.

What is the primary treatment for peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

Lifestyle changes, medications, and possible surgical interventions to improve blood flow.

What does a high INR indicate in a patient?

It suggests that the blood is too thin, increasing the risk of bleeding.

What is the significance of the SA node in cardiac conductivity?

It is the primary pacemaker of the heart, initiating electrical impulses.

Define a DVT

A blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs.

What does 'claw' refer to in the PAD acronym?

It represents the 'C' in CLAWPS, indicating intermittent claudication.

Describe electrical conductivity in the heart.

The process by which electrical impulses stimulate heartbeats, starting at the SA node and moving through the atria and ventricles.

What are anticoagulants used for?

To prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger.

What should be checked before administering digoxin?

The apical pulse for one full minute; must be above 60 bpm.

Explain the difference between PVD and PAD.

PVD refers to peripheral vascular disease that affects veins, while PAD refers to peripheral artery disease affecting arteries.

What acronym helps remember the signs and symptoms of valvular problems?

HEART: Fatigue, Heart racing, External pain, Air hunger, Rumbling (murmur), Tissue swelling.

What is the primary function of the mitral valve?

To regulate blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

What is the purpose of an echocardiogram?

To assess the structure and function of the heart and its valves.

What is the role of the Bundle of His in the heart's electrical system?

It transmits electrical impulses from the AV node to the ventricles.

What symptom signifies cardiac output may be compromised?

Diminished peripheral pulses and signs of ischemia.

How does exercise impact cardiac output?

Exercise increases heart rate and stroke volume, thereby raising cardiac output.

What could indicate a problem with the aortic valve?

Signs may include diminished pulse and symptoms of reduced cardiac output.

What dietary changes help manage high cholesterol?

Increased intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins while reducing saturated fats.

What lifestyle factors contribute to atherosclerosis?

Smoking, obesity, lack of exercise, poor diet, and high blood pressure.

What does peripheral arterial occlusive disease lead to if untreated?

It can lead to severe complications such as limb ischemia and amputations.

What is the standard intervention for a patient presenting with DVT symptoms?

Notify the healthcare provider and initiate deep venous thrombosis protocols.

What does pale, shiny skin indicate in patients?

It often signifies reduced blood flow or arterial insufficiency.

How can patients relieve symptoms associated with venous insufficiency?

Elevating their legs helps to reduce swelling and improve blood flow back to the heart.