Basic Cell Structure – Lecture Review

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Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering historical origins of cell theory, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the structure and function of major cellular components and organelles.

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45 Terms

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According to the cell theory, all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life and the foundational structure of all organisms.

cells are the basic unit of life and the foundational structure of all organisms.

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According to the cell theory, cells arise only from the reproduction (cell division) of pre-existing cells.

reproduction (cell division)

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Robert Hooke coined the word “cells” when observing cork in 1665.

1665

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The first person to view living microorganisms with a simple microscope was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1673).

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1673)

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Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are made of cells.

plants

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Theodor Schwann concluded that all animals are made of cells.

animals

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Rudolph Virchow stated that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

all cells

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A cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of life.

structural and functional

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Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

nucleus

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The bacterial cell wall is composed mainly of peptidoglycan.

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Circular DNA in a prokaryote is located in the nucleoid region.

nucleoid

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Small extra-chromosomal DNA molecules in bacteria are called plasmids.

plasmids

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The polysaccharide layer outside some bacterial cell walls is the capsule.

capsule

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Small bristle-like surface fibres that aid Gram-negative bacteria in attachment are fimbriae.

fimbriae

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Rigid tubular structures that transfer DNA between bacterial cells are sex pili.

sex pili

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Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

membrane

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The double layer of phospholipids and proteins surrounding every cell is the plasma (cell) membrane.

plasma (cell) membrane

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The fluid portion of cytoplasm consisting mostly of water, salts and enzymes is the cytosol.

cytosol

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The organelle responsible for synthesizing proteins is the ribosome.

ribosome

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Rough ER is studded with ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface.

ribosomes

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Smooth ER is especially involved in the synthesis of lipids.

lipids

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Proteins and lipids are modified, sorted and packaged in the Golgi apparatus.

Golgi apparatus

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Digestive enzymes are enclosed within lysosomes.

lysosomes

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Hydrogen peroxide is broken down by catalase inside peroxisomes.

peroxisomes

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The organelle that produces most cellular ATP is the mitochondrion.

mitochondrion

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Stacks of thylakoids containing chlorophyll are found in the chloroplast of plant cells.

chloroplast

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A large central vacuole in plant cells stores water and helps maintain turgor pressure.

vacuole

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The rigid outer layer made of cellulose in plant cells is the cell wall.

cell wall

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Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments together form the cytoskeleton.

cytoskeleton

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In animal cells, a pair of perpendicular structures that organize the mitotic spindle are centrioles.

centrioles

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Short, numerous, coordinated projections used for movement are called cilia.

cilia

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Long, whip-like projections used for cell locomotion are flagella.

flagella

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The microtubule-organizing center containing centrioles is the centrosome.

centrosome

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Organelles in the endomembrane system communicate via membrane channels or small vesicles.

vesicles

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Transport vesicles carry proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus.

Golgi apparatus

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The selective permeability of the plasma membrane helps maintain cellular homeostasis

homeostasis

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The membranous network continuous with the nuclear envelope and involved in synthesis is the endoplasmic reticulum.

endoplasmic reticulum

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DNA appears as chromatin in non-dividing eukaryotic cells.

chromatin

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During cell division, DNA condenses to form chromosomes.

chromosomes

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The dense body inside the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits is the nucleolus.

nucleolus

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Bacterial ribosomes consist of a small 30S subunit and a large 50S subunit.

30S

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The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria has a thick layer of peptidoglycan.

peptidoglycan

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Plant cell expansion is partly controlled by the cell wall.

cell wall

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Storage granules in bacteria can aid in identification (via staining) of species.

identification (via staining)

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Photosynthesis that captures sunlight to make ATP occurs in the chloroplasts.

chloroplasts