Basic Cell Structure – Lecture Review

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering historical origins of cell theory, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the structure and function of major cellular components and organelles.

According to the cell theory, all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life and the foundational structure of all organisms.

cells are the basic unit of life and the foundational structure of all organisms.

According to the cell theory, cells arise only from the reproduction (cell division) of pre-existing cells.

reproduction (cell division)

Robert Hooke coined the word “cells” when observing cork in 1665.

1665

The first person to view living microorganisms with a simple microscope was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1673).

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1673)

Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are made of cells.

plants

Theodor Schwann concluded that all animals are made of cells.

animals

Rudolph Virchow stated that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

all cells

A cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of life.

structural and functional

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

nucleus

The bacterial cell wall is composed mainly of peptidoglycan.

Circular DNA in a prokaryote is located in the nucleoid region.

nucleoid

Small extra-chromosomal DNA molecules in bacteria are called plasmids.

plasmids

The polysaccharide layer outside some bacterial cell walls is the capsule.

capsule

Small bristle-like surface fibres that aid Gram-negative bacteria in attachment are fimbriae.

fimbriae

Rigid tubular structures that transfer DNA between bacterial cells are sex pili.

sex pili

Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

membrane

The double layer of phospholipids and proteins surrounding every cell is the plasma (cell) membrane.

plasma (cell) membrane

The fluid portion of cytoplasm consisting mostly of water, salts and enzymes is the cytosol.

cytosol

The organelle responsible for synthesizing proteins is the ribosome.

ribosome

Rough ER is studded with ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface.

ribosomes

Smooth ER is especially involved in the synthesis of lipids.

lipids

Proteins and lipids are modified, sorted and packaged in the Golgi apparatus.

Golgi apparatus

Digestive enzymes are enclosed within lysosomes.

lysosomes

Hydrogen peroxide is broken down by catalase inside peroxisomes.

peroxisomes

The organelle that produces most cellular ATP is the mitochondrion.

mitochondrion

Stacks of thylakoids containing chlorophyll are found in the chloroplast of plant cells.

chloroplast

A large central vacuole in plant cells stores water and helps maintain turgor pressure.

vacuole

The rigid outer layer made of cellulose in plant cells is the cell wall.

cell wall

Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments together form the cytoskeleton.

cytoskeleton

In animal cells, a pair of perpendicular structures that organize the mitotic spindle are centrioles.

centrioles

Short, numerous, coordinated projections used for movement are called cilia.

cilia

Long, whip-like projections used for cell locomotion are flagella.

flagella

The microtubule-organizing center containing centrioles is the centrosome.

centrosome

Organelles in the endomembrane system communicate via membrane channels or small vesicles.

vesicles

Transport vesicles carry proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus.

Golgi apparatus

The selective permeability of the plasma membrane helps maintain cellular homeostasis

homeostasis

The membranous network continuous with the nuclear envelope and involved in synthesis is the endoplasmic reticulum.

endoplasmic reticulum

DNA appears as chromatin in non-dividing eukaryotic cells.

chromatin

During cell division, DNA condenses to form chromosomes.

chromosomes

The dense body inside the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits is the nucleolus.

nucleolus

Bacterial ribosomes consist of a small 30S subunit and a large 50S subunit.

30S

The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria has a thick layer of peptidoglycan.

peptidoglycan

Plant cell expansion is partly controlled by the cell wall.

cell wall

Storage granules in bacteria can aid in identification (via staining) of species.

identification (via staining)

Photosynthesis that captures sunlight to make ATP occurs in the chloroplasts.

chloroplasts