Lecture 5 - Hydrology and Physiography of Wetland Habitats

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32 Terms

1

Wetlands

Diverse ecosystems that serve as transitional habitats between terrestrial and aquatic environments, identified by hydrophytic vegetation and hydric soils.

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2

Hydrophytes

Water-loving plants that are characteristic of wetland habitats.

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3

Hydric Soils

Soils rich in organic matter that overlie gray, anaerobic mineral layers, indicative of wetlands.

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4

Inland Wetlands

Wetlands that are found away from coastal areas, including marshes, swamps, riverine wetlands, and peatlands.

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5

Coastal Wetlands

Wetlands located along coastlines and influenced by saline waters, including tidal salt marshes and mangrove swamps.

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6

Tidal Salt Marshes

Wetlands characterized by brackish waters, dominated by grasses and rushes, and influenced by ocean tides.

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7

Mangrove Swamps

Coastal wetlands dominated by salt-tolerant trees (halophytic), found in areas with minimal wave action and sediment accumulation.

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8

Floating Marshes

Wetlands composed of thick mats of roots that float on water, common in river deltas and areas not prone to flooding.

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9

Riparian Wetlands

Wetlands adjacent to rivers, subject to regular flooding, important for nutrient exchange and spawning of fish.

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10

Pothole Wetlands

Marsh ecosystems formed in depressions created by retreating glaciers, crucial for various waterfowl species.

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11

Peatlands

Depressional wetlands characterized by the accumulation of organic matter, acting as critical carbon sinks.

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12

Bogs

Nutrient-poor, acidic wetlands that lack significant water inflow and have lower biodiversity.

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13

Fens

Nutrient-rich wetlands that receive runoff or groundwater inputs and support higher biodiversity.

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14

Hydrologic Regimes

Patterns of water movement in wetlands, including characteristics like permanence, predictability, and seasonality.

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15

Sources of Water in Wetlands

Wetlands derive water from precipitation, surface water, groundwater, and tides.

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16

Subhabitats in Wetlands

Different areas within a wetland that have varying chemical and hydrological characteristics.

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17

Wetlands and Global Change

Wetlands face risks from warming temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and increased decomposition rates due to climate change.

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18

Ecosystem Services of Wetlands

Functions provided by wetlands, including flood mitigation, water purification, and habitat for diverse species.

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19

Types of Wetlands

Broadly classified into inland and coastal wetlands, further divided by geomorphology, hydrology, and vegetation.

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20

Inland Wetland Types

Includes marshes, swamps, riverine wetlands, and peatlands that are found away from coastal areas.

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21

Coastal Wetland Types

Includes tidal salt marshes, mangrove swamps, and floating marshes found along coastlines and large lakes.

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22

Riverine Wetlands

Wetlands adjacent to rivers characterized by regular flooding and nutrient exchange.

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23

Depressional Wetlands

Low-lying areas that collect water, resembling lakes, often influenced by hydrology and surrounding landscape.

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24

Pothole Wetlands

Small depressional wetlands created by glacial activity, critical for various species, especially waterfowl.

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25

Subhabitats in Wetlands

Distinct zones within a wetland, including littoral, limnetic, and emergent areas, each with unique characteristics.

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26

Littoral Zone

Nearshore areas of a wetland where sunlight penetrates and aquatic plants grow.

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27

Limnetic Zone

Open water areas in a wetland that are deeper and typically contain floating or submerged plants.

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28

Emergent Wetlands

Areas with plants that grow above the water level, often supporting diverse wildlife.

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29

Ephemeral Wetlands

Temporary wetlands that form seasonally, often rich in biodiversity during wet periods.

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30

Biogeochemical Processes

Natural cycles involving the transformation of elements, such as carbon, facilitated by wetland ecosystems.

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31

Wetland Classification Criteria

Wetlands are classified based on their geomorphology, hydrology, climate, nutrient input, and vegetation.

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32

Hydrology's Role in Wetland Types

Hydrology influences wetland characteristics and determines the residence time and movement of water.

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