Aphug unit 4 vocab

State

A politically organized territory with a permanent population, defined boundaries, and a government.

Boundary

A vertical plane between states that cuts through the air, water, and land.

Sovereignty

The authority of a state to govern itself and make its own decisions.

City-State

A sovereign entity that consists of a city and its dependent territories.

Nation

A group of people with common cultural characteristics, such as language and ethnicity.

Nationality

The identity of a group of people who share a common language, culture, or ancestry, typically tied to a specific nation.

Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state.

Nation-State

A political unit where the boundaries of a state coincide with the territory of a particular nation.

Multinational State

A state that contains multiple nations within its borders.

Stateless Nation

A nation that does not have a state of its own.

Multistate Nation

A nation that exists across multiple states.

Autonomous Region

A region that has some degree of self-governance but is not fully independent.

Semi-Autonomous Region

A region that has limited autonomy but is governed or controlled by another entity.

Self-Determination

The right of a people to determine their political status and pursue their economic, social, and cultural development.

Devolution

The transfer of powers from a central government to regional or local governments.

Balkanization

The fragmentation of a territory into smaller, often hostile units.

Colonialism

The practice of acquiring control over another country and exploiting its resources.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's influence or authority beyond its borders.

Scramble for Africa

The rapid invasion, colonization, and annexation of Africa by European powers during the late 19th century.

Independence Movement

A movement for a group to gain independence from an existing state.

Territoriality

The connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to a specific location.

Political Power

The ability to influence or control the actions of others and decision-making processes.

Neocolonialism

The practice of using capitalism or cultural imperialism to influence a country, rather than direct military control.

Choke Point

A strategic location that is critical in controlling or restricting movement.

Shatterbelt

A region caught between stronger forces that is characterized by instability.

Cultural Shatterbelt

Areas where multiple cultural groups coexist, often leading to conflict.

Physical Boundary

A naturally occurring barrier that separates geographic areas.

Geometric Boundary

A boundary defined by straight lines, often based on latitude and longitude.

Cultural Boundary

A boundary that follows the distribution of cultural features.

Antecedent Boundary

A boundary drawn before the area is populated.

Subsequent Boundary

A boundary drawn after the settlement of a region, reflecting social and cultural characteristics.

Consequent Boundary

A boundary drawn to accommodate existing cultural differences.

Superimposed Boundary

A boundary imposed on the cultural landscapes without consideration for pre-existing cultural or social patterns.

Relic Boundary

A boundary that no longer functions but can still be recognized.

Defined Boundary

A legally documented boundary established by a treaty or other legal agreement.

Delimited Boundary

A boundary marked on a map to show the limits of the area.

Demarcated Boundary

A boundary marked on the ground by physical barriers or signs.

Demilitarized Zone

An area where military forces are not permitted, often established by treaty.

Definitional Boundary Dispute

A conflict over the legal language of a boundary agreement.

Locational (Territorial) Boundary Dispute

A dispute over where the boundary is located.

Operational (Functional) Boundary Dispute

A disagreement on how a border should function.

Allocational (Resource) Boundary Dispute

A conflict over resources that lie in border areas.

UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)

A treaty that outlines nations’ rights and responsibilities in ocean use and management.

Territorial Waters

Waters under the jurisdiction of a state.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

A sea zone in which a state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources.

Median Line Principle

A principle used to determine maritime boundaries based on the equidistance of neighboring states.

High Seas

Areas of the ocean not under the jurisdiction of any state.

Voting District

A geographical area where voters elect a representative.

Census

A systematic process for collecting and recording information about the population.

Reapportionment

The process of redistributing seats in a legislative body.

Redistricting

The process of redrawing electoral district boundaries.

Gerrymandering

The manipulation of electoral district boundaries for political advantage.

Cracking

A gerrymandering technique that dilutes the voting power of a particular group.

Packing

A gerrymandering technique that concentrates voters of one type into a single district.

Unitary State

A state governed as a single entity with central power.

Federal State

A political entity where multiple entities share control with a central authority.

Ethnic Separatism

The advocacy for the separation of a specific ethnic group from a larger political unit.

Ethnic Cleansing

The deliberate removal or extermination of an ethnic group.

Terrorism

The unlawful use of violence, especially against civilians, to achieve political goals.

State-Sponsored Terrorism

Terrorism conducted by a state against foreign targets or approve of actions against its own citizens.

Irredentism

A political movement that seeks to reclaim and reoccupy a lost or unredeemed area.

Subnationalism

Nationalism within a smaller subdivision of a nation-state.

Supranationalism

A political entity where power is delegated from member states to a higher authority.

Centrifugal Forces

Forces that pull apart a state or nation.

Centripetal Forces

Forces that unify a state or nation.

Failed State

A state that cannot perform its basic functions.

Ethnic Nationalist Movement

A political movement centered on a specific ethnic group.

Ethnonationalism

A form of nationalism where the nation is defined in terms of ethnicity.

Cultural Cohesion

The extent to which cultural traits unite a group or society.

Frontier

A zone where no state exercises complete political control.

Compact State

A state where the distance from the center to any boundary is relatively equal.

Prorupted State

A state with a long extension or protrusion.

Elongated State

A state with a long and narrow shape.

Perforated State

A state that completely surrounds another state.

Landlocked State

A state without coastline.

Fragmented State

A state that consists of several discontinuous pieces of territory.

Exclave

A portion of territory that is separated from the main part and surrounded by another state.

Enclave

A territory completely surrounded by another state.

Confederate State

A union of sovereign states with a weak central authority.

Democracy

A system of government by the whole population through elected representatives.

Autocracy

A system of government by one person with absolute power.

Theocracy

A system of government where priests rule in the name of God.

Forward Capital

A capital city that is relocated to a less developed region.

Buffer Zone (State)

A neutral area between conflicting parties.

Apartheid

A policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race.