Anatomy test 2 Ledogar ETSU

ETSU- Ledogar test 2

What are the primary functions of the lung

To oxidate blood, expel CO2, maintain pH

What are the components of the upper and lower respiratory tracts (airways)

Upper: Nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx

Lower: Trachea, lungs → bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

What are the comments of the conducting portion and respiratory portion of the lungs?

Conducting: bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles.

Respiratory: respiratory bronchioles, alveoli

How many primary, secondary, and tertiary brooch are there in the right lung.

The right lung has 3 primary bronchi, 2 secondary bronchi, and 10 tertiary bronchi.

How many primary, secondary, and tertiary brooch are there in the left lung.

The left lung has 2 primary bronchi, 1 secondary bronchus, and 10 tertiary bronchi.

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there per lung?

There are 10 bronchopulmonary segments

Which components of the bronchial tree contain hyaline cartilage

Primary, secondary, and tertiary.

Starting at the ventricle, what is the path of blood flow through the pulmonary circuit?

Right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → head and arms → vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle

With respect to gas exchange, what occurs at the lung alveoli

Oxygen is absorbed into the blood while CO2 is released from the blood.

How is the pressure within the pleural cavity involved in respiration/ventilation?

The pressure within the pleural cavity creates a negative pressure that helps keep the lungs expanded and facilitates inhalation by drawing air into the lungs.

Which skeletal muscles are involved in inspiration?

The diaphragm.

External intercostal.

Which skeletal muscles are involved in expiration?

(breathing out)

Internal intercoastal

Intermost intercostal

Transversus thoracis

How is the abdominal diaphragm innervated and what are the spinal levels?

Phrenic nerve

C3, C4, C5

How are changed in intrapulmonary pressure involved in respiration/ventilation?

Creates a pressure gradient for air to move in and out of.

breathing in the air pressure in the lungs is below atmospheric pressure

breathing out the air pressure in the lungs is higher then the pressure outside of lungs.

get it together pookie.

Which ribs articulate with the sternum directly by their own costal cartilages? What do we call these ribs?

1-7

True ribs

Which ribs articulate with the sternum indirecly by connecting with the seventh costal cartilage?

8-10

Which do not reach the sternum at all?

11-12

What do you call the ribs that connect to the sternum by costal cartilage?

false ribs

The ribs that do not touch the sternum at all are called what??

floating ribs

Look at the articulations between ribs and vertebrae on the mounted skeletons. For a typical articulation, how do the rib head and neck articulate with the vertebra?

The head connects to the superior Demi facets

the neck connects to 2 costal facets of the vertebra. (unless its rib 1 or rib 12!!!)

How do ribs 1&12 differ from typical ribs?

They only connect to 1 vertebra.

What are the 4 superior back muscles that attach to the thoracic vertebra and/or ribs

Trapezius

Latissimus dorsi

Rhomboideus major and minor

Quadratus Lumborum

There are thee intrinsic back muscles that attach to thoracic vertebrae. What are they?

Erector spinae

Semispinalis

Multifidus

ALL get spinal nerves

What is the upper limb muscle that attaches to the sternum?

Pectoralis Major

What does the Serratus posterior superior do?

raises the ribs

Intercostal nerves

What does Serratus posterior inferior do?

Depresses the ribs.

Intercostal nerves

How does the transverses thoracic muscle function?

Where is it?

How is it innervated?

Its a rib depressor (forced experation)

its inside of the thoracic cage

Intercostal nerves

How do the intercostal muscles function during respiration?

How are they innervated

They pull down on the ribs.

Intercostal nerves

How does the abdominal diaphragm function durning respiration?

How is it intervated?

Diaphragm domes when exhaling (pressure inside of lungs increase)

Diaphragm flattens when inhaling (pressure inside of lungs decrease)

Innervated by the phrenic nerve.

What is the structure and function of the pericardium?

Its a sac.

It protects the heart, holds it in place, and its a sac the heart “grows” into

What are all three layers of the heart wall

Epicardium (outside layer)

Myocardium (middle of the layers)

Endocardium (inside layer)

What is the path of blood through the systemic circulation, beginning at the left ventricle?

you should be able to draw this

How does the fetal circulation bypass the pulmonary circuit?

The baby doesn’t need blood in its lungs.

Foreman Ovale

Ductus Arterious

What is the superior boundary of the abdominal cavity?

the diaphragm

What is the inferior boundary of the abdominal cavity?

Pelvic area (forgot the name. sorry pookies)

What is the posterior boundary of the abdominal cavity?

Posterior abdominal wall

(spinal cord/vertebra)

What is the anterolateral boundary of the abdominal cavity?

Your side.

“the muscular structure that forms the front and sides of the abdominal cavity:

says google

The free edge of which abdominal muscles aponeurosis forms the inguinal ligament?

external oblique

Describe the actions and innervations of the diaphragm

Contracting and flattning to expand the lunging while you breathe.

Phrenic nerve

Describe the actions and innervations of the quadrates lumborum

Latteral flexion

helps to kinda stabilize the 12th rib

innervated by spinal nerves

Describe the actions and innervations of the rectus abdominis

Flexes the trunk (bending forward)

helps stabilize the abdomen

compresses abdomen

Intercostal nerves

Describe the actions and innervations of the external oblique

Laterally flexes trunk, rotates trunk

Thoracic and subcostal nerves.

Describe the actions and innervations of the internal oblique

Flex the trunk (bend forward)

Laterally flex torso (bend to the side)

Rotate the trunk

Intercostal nerves

Describe the actions and innervations of the transverses absominis

Compress abdominal contents

Internal costal nerves

Describe the structure of the rectus sheath above and below the arcuate line.

Above the arcuate line the rectus sheath has both an anterior and posterior layer.

Below the arcuate line the rectus sheath only has a anterior layer

Describe the primary functions of the digestive system organs in the abdomen.

Breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, eliminate waste products.

Which components are involved in propulsion

small intestines

Which comments are are involved in absorption

large intestine

Describe the four concentric layers of the GI tract

Mucosa

Sub Mucosa

Muscularis Externa

Serosa

Which organ has three layers of muscular external rather than two

The stomach

what function does the mucosa serve

protection, lubrication, and sensing

what functions does the submucosa serve

providing a network of blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves.

what functions does the muscularis externa serve

Facilitate the movement of food through the GI tract

This is through contractions called peristalsis

What function does the serosa serve

A protective outer layer on internal organs

Which abdominal organs are intraperitoneal

stomach, spleen, uterus, ovaries, liver,

transfer colon. sigmoid colon

Which abdominal organs are retroperitoneal

Kidneys, aorta, vena cava

asending and descending colon.

What are the supposed functions of the appendix

Safe house for microflora

immune function

Describe the function of peristalsis

wave movement, only helps with movement

What muscle works with peristalsis

Longetidual

Describe the function of segmentation

mixing, it can move but its mostly for mixing.

What muscle helps segmentation

Circular