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Polarity of Water

Water is a polar covalent molecule with a partial positive charge on hydrogen atoms and a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom.

Bent Shape of Water Molecule

The water molecule has a bent shape with an angle of approximately 104.5°, contributing to its polarity.

Molecular Formula of Water

H₂O indicates that each water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom.

Electronegativity in Water

The difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen leads to the formation of dipoles, where oxygen attracts electrons more strongly.

High Specific Heat Capacity

Water's high specific heat capacity stabilizes temperatures in organisms and environments.

Solvent Properties of Water

Water can dissolve a wide range of substances, facilitating biochemical reactions in cells.

Cohesion and Adhesion

Cohesion and adhesion properties of water, due to hydrogen bonding, are vital for processes like water transport in plants.

Hydrogen Bonds in Water

Weak attractions between the partial positive charge of hydrogen atoms in one water molecule and the partial negative charge of oxygen in adjacent molecules.

Dynamic Network of Water Molecules

Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with neighboring molecules, leading to a constantly forming and breaking network.

Unique Properties of Water

Hydrogen bonds contribute to water's high boiling point and surface tension.

Ice Density

Hydrogen bonding causes ice to be less dense than liquid water, allowing it to float.

Visual Representation of Hydrogen Bonds

Models illustrating hydrogen bond interactions highlight the orientation of water molecules and their bonds.