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Treaty of Ghent

Signed in 1814, it ended the War of 1812 but did not resolve underlying issues.

Hartford Convention

A meeting of New England secessionists during the War of 1812, leading to the decline of the Federalist Party.

Madison’s Nationalism

Programs recommended by President Madison aimed at expanding and promoting nationalism.

American System

An economic plan proposed by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun to unite the country through protective tariffs and infrastructure.

Era of Good Feelings

Period of strong nationalism and political unity during Monroe's presidency (1816-1824).

McCulloch v. Maryland

A Supreme Court ruling in 1819 that strengthened federal authority by declaring that states cannot tax the national bank.

Monroe Doctrine

A U.S. policy asserting that Europe should not interfere in the Western Hemisphere, established in 1823.

Missouri Compromise

An agreement in 1820 that balanced the number of slave and free states by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.

Second Great Awakening

A Protestant religious revival in the early 19th century that led to an increase in church membership and social reforms.

Utopian Communities

Small communities aiming for social perfection and equality, often characterized as socialistic.

Transcendentalism

A philosophical movement that emphasized individual judgment and intuition over established social traditions.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women's rights convention held in 1848, addressing social injustices against women.

Immediatists

Abolitionists who sought the immediate end of slavery.

Gradualists

Abolitionists who favored a slow, gradual approach to ending slavery.

Harriet Tubman

An abolitionist leader and former slave who was instrumental in the Underground Railroad.

Jacksonian Democracy

A political philosophy that emphasized the rights and powers of the common man.

Nullification Crisis

A political conflict in the early 1830s between the federal government and South Carolina regarding state rights.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

A 1857 Supreme Court case ruling that declared African Americans could not be American citizens.

Bleeding Kansas

A term describing the violent conflicts in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions.

Freedmen's Bureau

A federal agency established in 1865 to help former enslaved people transition to freedom.

Plessy v. Ferguson

An 1896 Supreme Court ruling that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine.

Compromise of 1850

A package of legislation aimed at resolving the territorial and slavery issues arising from the Mexican-American War.

Fugitive Slave Act

A law passed in 1850 that required the return of runaway slaves to their owners.

Black Codes

Laws enacted in the South to restrict the rights of newly freed black people.

13th Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution that abolished slavery in 1865.

14th Amendment

An amendment granting citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S., including former slaves.

15th Amendment

An amendment that prohibited denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Social Darwinism

The belief that certain people or cultures are superior to others and should be allowed to dominate.

Gospel of Wealth

The belief that wealthy individuals have a moral obligation to give back to society.

Industrialization

The development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

Labor Unions

Organizations of workers formed to protect their rights and interests.

Pullman Strike

A nationwide railroad strike in 1894 that turned violent and halted railroad traffic.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

A national organization of labor unions formed in 1886 that focused on negotiating wages and working conditions.

Haymarket Affair

A violent confrontation between police and labor protesters in Chicago in 1886 that led to a backlash against labor movements.

Trusts

A combination of businesses that eliminate competition to control markets.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

A landmark federal statute enacted in 1890 that prohibits monopolistic business practices.

Tenement Housing

Multi-family urban dwellings, often overcrowded and unsanitary, where many working-class families lived.

Political Machines

Corrupt organizations that controlled political parties in cities and offered services in exchange for votes.

Chinatown

A neighborhood that is home to a large number of Chinese immigrants, often facing social and economic challenges.

Immigrant Experience

Challenges faced by newcomers, including discrimination, cultural adaptation, and economic opportunities.

Prohibition Movement

A social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages, prominent in the early 20th century.

Settlement Houses

Institutions aimed at providing social services and education to the urban poor in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Progressivism

A political response to the social and economic issues caused by industrialization, advocating for reforms.

Women’s Suffrage Movement

A movement advocating for the right of women to vote and run for office.

The Jungle

A novel by Upton Sinclair that exposed the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.

Trust-busting

Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts.

Labor Day

A public holiday celebrating the achievements of workers, established in the late 19th century.

The Great Migration

The mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North between 1916 and 1970.

Nativism

A political policy favoring the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants.

Civic Duty

The responsibility of citizens to participate in civic and political affairs.

Social Reform Movements

Movements aimed at addressing social issues and improving society through advocacy and activism.

Child Labor Laws

Regulations aimed at protecting children from exploitation in the workforce.

Minimum Wage Laws

Legislation that sets the lowest legal wage that can be paid to workers.