ush final

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

• Ended the war 

• Did not resolve any issues US had for going to war

• Hardened boundary lines in the North 

• U.S. feelings of nationalism explode

V.VI - Emergence of Nationalism 

• Why do countries have nationalistic tendencies?

End of the War - Opposition to nationalism

• Hartford convention (New England secessionists who want to break away from the United States) occurs at the same time as the victory at New Orleans (1815)

  • Federalist political party breaks apart

  • Dooms the concept of true nationalism 

Madison’s Nationalism

• Madison recommended programs geared towards nationalism expansion and growth

• Congress embraced Madison’s ideas

The American System 1816

• Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun 

  • Looked to unite country

  • Tariff on imported goods to promote american industry

  • Tariff revenue to pay for infrastructure

  • Mills to process raw materials

  • Roads to increase  flow of goods

  • National bank to make it work

James Monroe (1816-1824)

• Monroe supported Madison’s domestic program

• Had concerns about constitutionality  of federal money for roads

• Strong nationalist  tendencies 

  • “One great family with a common interest”

  • Dubbed “Era of Good Feelings” by newspapers 

Supreme Court and Nationalism

• Chief Justice Marshall buttressed nationalist sentiment

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

  • Supreme court struck down MD law taxing and weakening the Bank of the US (Clay/Calhoun’s bank)

  • Marshall asserted supremacy clause to strike down law and support the existence of the national bank

Foreign Policy Matches Nationalist Sentiment

• John Quincy Adams (Monroe Sec of St)

  • Fought for expansion to the West but wanted to limit the spread of slavery

• Negotiated various treaties to ease international tensions

  • Rush-Bagot: limited US and GB naval forces in Great Lakes (because of the war)

  • Joint occupation of OR with GB

  • Adams-Onis treaty: Gave FL to US for $

Sectional Problems 

• The issue of slavery expanding into the territories emerges in 1820

• Missouri Compromise 

  • Missouri and Maine added (1 slave state/ 1 free)

  • No slavery north of 36th parallel 

Monroe Doctrine 

• Central message: Need to expand American power to other hemispheres, let Europe know that America would no longer tolerate attacks / attempts of colonization on it and telling Europe to stay away from the Western hemisphere & american affairs

VI - Early Industrial Revolution / Sectionalism

VI.I - Identifying Causes

Causes: 

• American system

• Economic / job opportunities

• Government

• Promotions

• Trade

• Technology

• States

• Fluid currency

• Immigration 

VI.II - The Market Economy

Growth in Manufacturing

• Enabled by the industrial revolution

• Changes in technology and transportation fueled an increase in manufacturing

• Remained primarily an agrarian nation / prioritizing agriculture 

Regionalization (the start of sectionalism)

North 

• Manufacturing

• Commerce

• Finance

South

• Plantations

• Substance farms (

West

• Commercial family farms

• Agricultural processing 

As a result of specialization, regions became more dependent on each other

Transportation

• Change in trade routes necessitated a change in transportation

  • National Road (connected to Maryland to Ohio by 1833)

  • Erie Canal (1825) created E-W connection

  • Large majority of the connections were NE-W / only one road connected N-S

Forms of Transportation and Technology

• Canals boomed following success of Erie

  • High cost lowered profitability

• Railroad expansion (1830-1860)

  • Created 31,000 miles of RR

• Steamboats 

  • Cut trans-Atlantic travel time at least 50%

• Telegraph

  • The first instantaneous communication

Impact of Changes:

• Overdevelopment

• Expansion of slavery

• Rise of minimum wage and the laborious factory environment

• No self reliance 

Different Economic Systems

• Free Market

  • Private (citizen/individual ownership) ownership of means of production

  • Decisions by consumers and businesses determine economic activity

• Command economy 

  • Public (government owned) of means of production

  • Decisions by government determine economic activity

• Mixed Market Economy

  • Public and private ownership of means of production

  • Decision by consumers, businesses and government

The Market Economy

• The United States is really a “mixed market” economy

  • The government intervenes in various ways but is not the sole influence over what is produced or purchased 

Boom and Bust Cycles

• Cycles were a result of expansions and contractions in the new market economy

• Expansion: 1823-1835; 1843,1857

• Contraction: 1819-1823; 1839-1834

• Results

  • Worker job insecurity

  • No social safety net to protect them

• Greater demand = greater production

• Eventual production > demand

• Results: lower prices and wages, and less available jobs     

VI.III - The American Worker

Technology = Mass Production

• Mass production of goods affects jobs

  • Machine tool industry leads to interchangeable parts 

  • Textile and clothing production moved to mills

    • Manufacturing replaced tailors and apprentices

• Drives the cost of production down = lower prices for these goods = lower wages for the employees 

Specialization of Commerce / Banking

• Bringing together buyers and sellers becomes a new occupation

  • Results in ports (NYC) booming with jobs

  • Merchants require large work forces

• Financial institutions (banks)

  • Linked investors and business owners (wanted to borrow)

  • National bank helped spur economic growth by loaning $ to smaller banks 

Lowell System (textile mills)

• Francis Cabot Lowell and other manufacturers wanted to eliminate costs and problems in textile production

•  Boston Manufacturing Co. Combined all of the manufacturing processes at a single location

Staffing Lowell

• To meet consumers’ demands farmers’ daughters were recruited to work in the mills

  • Owners responsible for living conditions

  • Cash wages

  • Educational opportunities

  • Live away from their families

  • No ability to start a family

  • No possibility for promotion

VI.IV - Organizing Labor  

• Factories and mills such as the one at Lowell appeared to be good opportunity for women

  • How does Josephine Baker source support this?

  • Why did Lowell experience two strikes?

• Strike dates: 1834 and 1836

  • Strikes were a reaction to wage cuts and increased boarding house rates

  • Millworkers thought they were being exploited

Workers Feeling Exploited

• Those working for larger businesses felt exploited by the owners

• Laborers organize and begin to form unions to “protect” the laborers from the business owners

• 1815-1840 laborers were allowed to organize and ask for rights but were not allowed to strike

Reasons for Organized Labor

• Workers felt:

  • They needed to have a voice and if they acted collectively they would be heard

  • Laws were not protecting their rights

  • They could not “move up the ladder”

    • No job opportunities = no promotions

    • Not paid well enough to save to start a business

Early Demands of Organized Labor

• Focused on maintaining and increasing wages

• Attempt to control the workday (reduce 12 -> 10 hrs)

• Child labor laws and workplace safety were not as strongly emphasized

Unions are: organizations that sought to increase wages / and or decrease working hours 

VII - The Reaction to the Markets

V.II.I - The Reaction to the Markets

Identifying Causes: The Second Great Awakening

• Protestant led religious movement that spurred discussion of reforms 

• Began in 1790s – increased in intensity after the War of 1812

• Grew through 1840s

• Christians tried to redress the wrongs of the world 

Impact of the 2nd Awakening

• It was a prime motivating force behind organized reform

• Gave many the sense that through individual conviction they could not only realize their own salvation, but also the betterment of the human condition

Utopian Communities

• Small communities based on equality and harmony

• Resulted from economic inequalities attributed to the market revolution

• Referred to as socialistic or communistic

  • Property owned by community not individual

• Inspire reform movements

The Transcendentalists 

• Emphasized individual judgement over existent social traditions

  • Creating american art, literature, thought

• Ralph Waldo Emerson

  • Proponent of “American individualism” as a means of improving one’s life

• Henry David Thoreau

  • Modern society makes men “tools of their tools”; too occupied with material things

    • Railroads; big corporations

How do you think the utopian communities and transcendentalists acted as catalysts for the women’s rights and abolitionist movements?

VII.II - Why a Womens’ Movement

• What does it mean to have a successful movement?

Shift Towards Reform

• Women in cities responded to growing inequality and poverty

• Motivation for action

  • Spirit reform made people want to get involved

  • Religion demanded “active” Christianity

Female Abolitionists

• By late 1840s female abolitionists were redefining traditional gender roles through successful public speeches

  • Although effective, Angeline and Sarah Grimke were not received well when they spoke in front of men

  • “Women should obey not lecture” was the mindset of many men and some women

• The negative reaction from audiences turned attention of some abolitionists from slavery to women’s rights

Seneca Falls Convention

• Pinnacle of the Movement

• Women’s Rights Convention - NY 1848

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott issued an indictment of the injustices suffered by women

• Attended by only a few men

Seneca Falls Convention

• Delivered at Convention 1848

• Modeled after the Dec of Indep

• Focused on the fact that women were denied the right to vote

Stanton and Mott highlight the irony of the Declaration’s falsehood; despite it serving as an (idealistic) moral compass and instilling “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” to “all”, many individuals did not have an interest in these benefits, such as slaves and women. 

• Prominence to the Declaration of Independence's fallacy; the notion of inalienable rights, which was the foundation and pride of the United States. Stanton and Mott gave compelling examples of the Declaration of Independence’s irrelevance to women across the entire hemisphere and demanded a structural reform.

VI.III - Abolition

Different Approaches to Abolition

• Immediatists: Wanted a sudden end to slavery

• Gradualists: Wanted to stop the spread of slavery and slowly phase it out

Immediatists

• Movement began in early 1830s

• Most prominent was William Lloyd Garrison

  • Used strong passionate language in his speeches and writings

  • Focus was on immorality of slavery 

  • Said the North’s “indifference” was as big a problem as the South.

Gradualists

• Agreed slavery was a “sin” (Connection to the Great Awakening)

• Wanted to spread reform slowly

• Thought if there was too much change too quickly it would destroy progress towards abolition and other reform movements

  • If a copious amount of unemployed people were suddenly released into the economy looking for jobs, it would ruin the job market not just for slaves but the entirety of America. It would also lower the cost of labor and freed africans would be replaced by women who spoke up against their minimum wages 

Impact of Frederick Douglass

• Former slave who gained his freedom and tried to inform audiences of the horrors and injustices of slavery

  • Effective because of his style

  • Effective because of his intelligence

• Many say his best speech was about the 4th of July

  • What was Douglass’ background?

  • What does Douglass see as the primary difference between blacks and whites on the 4th of July

VII - Jacksonian Era

VII.I - Beginnings of Modern Party Politics

Election of 1824

William Crawford - Sec of Treasury (VA)

John Q. Adams - Sec of State (MA)

Henry Clay - Speaker of the House (KY)

Andrew Jackson - (TN)

First Ballot 

• Vote along regional lines

• Jackson receives the most votes and most electoral votes but does not win

• House would select a president because no candidate had a majority of electoral votes 

A Corrupt Bargain?

•  Henry Clay drops out and supports John Q. Adams

  • Seems suspicious to Jackson’s followers (believed that Clay would support Jackson for regional interests)

• Adams wins presidency

  • Names Clay Secretary of State

Adams’ Presidency

• Adams’ plans for his administration

  • Expansion of infrastructure

  • National Bank

  • Improvement in science education

• Administration hurt by the division between his followers and Jackson’s followers

• Jacksonian-Democratic Party is formed

Election of 1828

• Adams won almost all of the same states as 1824

• Opposition united behind Jackson

Jacksonian Presidency

• Jackson promised to represent the common man

• How can the common man be represented in Washington?

• Do you think the common man is represented today in Washington?

VII.II A Robust Presidency

• 1824 James Monroe suggested to Congress that Native Americans be moved West of the Mississippi River

  • “Protect Indians from invasion”

• Native Americans rejected the idea

  • 1789-1825: 30 treaties limiting their land

  • Wanted to remain on their ancestral land

Attack on the Cherokees

• Lived in NW Georgia

• Georgia sought to remove them

  • Claimed Native Americans were a threat

  • Claimed they were not “civilized”

• Unstated Reasons

  • Land (farming)

  • Expansion as a result of increased population

Cherokee Life

• 12,000-15,000 Cherokee thought of themselves as a nation

• Economically self-sufficient

• Politically self-governing

  • System of legislature and courts

• Were not respected by Americans

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia

• Congress tries to buy the land

• Cherokee are not interested in selling

• John Marshall’s Supreme Court ruling

  • Native American can only lose land by voluntarily selling or giving it up

  • “Indian nation” was a distinct political community in which the “laws of Georgia can have no force”

Jackon’s Response to the Supreme Court

• Ignored the Supreme Court’s rulings

• Wanted to open up new lands for American Settlement

• Brings in military to forcibly move the Native Americans to land West of Mississippi River

Trail of Tears 

• 1831-1832 began forced removal of Native Americans from their ancestral lands

Impact of the Native American Removal

• Over ¼ of the Native Americans moved died of starvation and disease on the “Trail of Tears”

• Native Americans gave up 100 million acres for 32 million acres

• Society and economy needed to be transformed to match the new land

• Infighting amongst Native American destroyed civilizations

States v. Central Government

• Reforms (abolition) challenged the power of the Southern states

• Southern states were concerned as they saw abolition expand in Great Britain and the 1833 elimination of slavery in the West Indies 

  • States rights argument

Southern Response: 

• Nullification: belief that the state had the right to overrule federal legislation

• South Carolina (and VP Calhoun) had resentment towards federal government 

  • SC wanted to nullify Tariff of 1832

Nullification Crisis 

• Jackson rejected state sovereignty 

  • Jackson and VP Calhoun grew apart

  • Jackson favors Sec of State Martin Van Buren

• SC invoked nullification against the tariff of 1832

  • Oppose taxes on imported goods intended to support domestic industry

Jackson’s Response to Nullification

• Threatened to invade SC

• Calhoun resigned as Jackson’s VP

  • Works with Clay on a compromise tariff

  • Tensions between N and S remains

Webster - Hayne Debate

Robert Hayne (SC)

• North threatened to bring disunity

• Reformers wanted to destroy the south

Daniel Webster (NH)

• Nation is compact of people not states

• “Liberty and Union”

Jackson and the Economy: 2nd Bank of the US

• Nicholas Biddle (Bank president) wanted to continue the Bank – Jackson opposed 

• Rechartering the Bank was the central issue of 1832 campaign

  • Henry Clay supported the Bank

    • Circulated money throughout the country

  • Jackson opposed the Bank

    • Unresponsive to the needs of people

    • Feels the national bank only helps the wealthy

1832 Campaign

• Jackson denounced the Bank by claiming it allowed elites to make money at the expense of all citizens

• Jackson wins the election easily 

Jackson’s Economic Platform

• Dismantle the Bank of the US

  • Deposited $ in “pet” (state) banks

• Specie (gold/silver) Circular (July 1836)

  • Only specie would be accepted as payment for federal lands 

  • “Purchasing power”

Result of Jackson’s Economic Platform

• Various negative impacts

  • Land sales decrease (not enough gold and silver)

• Huge amounts of specie withdrawn from banks (hurt banks ability to loan)

• Congress voted to repeal the Specie Circular and Jackson vetoed this repeal

  • GW - JQA: 9 votes

  • Jackson: 12 votes 

VII.III - The Whigs

Whig party 

• Opponents of the democratic party

• Resentful of Jackson’s domination of Congress and opposition to the supreme court

• Borrowed name from the British party opposed to tyranny of powerful monarchs in the 1700s.

Whig Platform

• Promote economic expansion by supporting the national bank

• Humanitarian reforms: public schools, temperance, prison reform

• Attracted more upper and middle class – educated

• Supported by highly religious

Political Success of the Whig Party

• 1834-1840s

  • Equaled democrats in congressional elections

  • First time US had opposing parties since Federalists and Republicans

Martin Van Buren Victory (election 1836)

• Democrat picked Jackson

• Whigs were divided in their opposition to the Jackson/ MVB platform and nominate 3 candidates

• MVB - a democrat and AJ’s VP wins comfortably when Whig candidates divide the vote

Martin Van Buren Presidency

• Took office 3 weeks before American credit system collapsed

• Banks wanted to hold on to their hard currency

  • Response to Specie Circular

  • Reduced business confidence in banks

• Banks didn’t have as much money and as much willingness to loan to businesses and the public 

MVB’s Economic Platform 

• Followed jackson’s plans = government gives no help to failing businesses

• Opposed B.U.S = less lending for businesses and individuals

• This leads to an economic collapse called the Panic of 1837

Election of 1840

• Whigs nominated military hero William Henry Harrison to oppose MVB

• “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” campaign

  • Wanted support from “common man”

  • WHH was depicted as an ordinary man

  • Did not have an actual platform

• WHH wins by %80

• Right after taking office Harrison lays out his plans

• Harrison dies within a month of taking office

  • John Tyler (VP) disappointed Whigs

  • Tyler vetoes many of the Whig ideas

  • Whigs have a difficult time maintaining a national presence

VIII - Manifest Destiny

• The belief that American expansion westward was inevitable and divinely ordained. 

Expansionist Fever

• Commercial business opportunities

  • Natural resources

• National pride 

• Expansion of freedom and democracy 

Expansion: The Texas Question

• Mexico won their independence from Spain (1821)

• 35,000 Americans lived in Texas (part of Mexico following Mexican independence)

  • Ignored local laws

  • Felt they had more common with America

• Expansionist Americans wanted to add Texas

Texas’ Independence

• Mexico tries to tighten control

• “Remeber the Alamo”

  • 200 texans v 3,000 Mexicans

  • All Texans died but served as a rallying cry

• By the end of 1836 Texas won 

U.S Debate Over Adding Texas

Expansionist:

• Texas wanted to be added to US

• Proslavery S wanted to add texas

Anti Annexation:

• Too politically dangerous (slavery)

• Jackson and MVB ignore issue (didn’t want to upset Mex)

• 1844 - adding Texas is voted down in Senate

Expansion: Oregon Fever

• Britain and US jointly occupied land

• Economic opportunity

  • Fur trapping and trade with E. Asia 

  • Lumber

• Oregon Trail: Increased exploration and settlement of Oregon

Election of 1844 

• James K Polk

  • House speaker from TN

  • Democrat

  • 54:40 fight 

    • He’s gonna take over the continent

• Henry Clay

  • Repreentative, Sec of State, Senator

  • Whig 

  • Who is James K Polk

What a Polk Victor Meant

• Polk wins a close election 

• Interpreted as a mandate for annexation of Texas

• Mexico broke relations with the US

• War on the horizon

VIII - War with Mexico 

•  Manifest Destiny persuaded Americans  into expanding US Borders across the entire hemisphere, which implies that the annexation of Texas was a part of this movement. 

Polk’s Goals

• Annexation of Texas

• Acquire all land W to California

• Take all of Oregon from GB

Expansion: Oregon Treaty

• Realizing war with Mexico was likely, Polk dropped 54’40 demands

• 1846 GB accepts the compromise at 49th parallel

Mexican War

• American troops ordered to the Southern border of Texas

• May 1846 Congress votes to authorize war after fighting broke out.

Pro-war 

• Southwesterners

• Protect citizens

• “Manifest destiny”

Anti-War

• New Englanders

• Polk “provoked an unnecessary war”

• JQA and Ab Linc

• Said war was a plot to expand slavery

Mexican War

• Fighting done in three waves

• Eventually Mexico surrenders as they want to “cut their losses” 

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• War went well for Americans

• 1848 ends the War

• US gained CA, NM, AZ, UT, NV

  • Also annex TX

• Rio Grande determined as S border of US

Wilmot Proviso

• David Wilmot (Dem) from PA

• “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist” in territory obtained from Mexico

  • Measure failed in both House and Senate

  • Transformed the debate on slavery 

  • Only applied to land obtained from Mexico 

Debate Over the Wilmot Proviso and the Extension of Slavery

• North:

  • 14 states supported Wilmot Proviso

  • Rallying cry for abolitionists

  • Most people in North were both racist and opposed to slavery

• South: 

  • Slavery acceptable b/c it is in the bible 

  • Fed govt can’t stop slavery in territories

Slavery’s Impact on Politics

• Election of 1848 contested over slavery 

  • Polk had promised to serve one term and he follows through by not running for reelection

  • Dem: Lewis Cass (MI - supported popular sovereignty)

    • Popular sovereignty: states decide by vote if they want to have slavery in their state or not

  • Whigs: Zachary Taylor (military hero and S slaveholder – policies on slavery unknown)

  • Free-Soil Party: Martin Van Buren (ending slavery)

Impact of Slavery

• Was there hope for resolution at this time in the United States? 

Conflict and Compromise

IX.I  - The Compromise of 1850

Context

• Mexican war

  • Added territory to US

  • Slavery becomes a prominent issue

• Wilmot Proviso

  • Proposal that slavery would not be allowed in any territory obtained from Mexico (doesn’t pass)

  • Focused the discussion on slavery

• Election of 1848 

  • Slavery as the focal point 

  • Taylor (slave owner) wins over ideas of popular sovereignty and abolition

• The rest of the world had either eliminated or was in the process of eliminating slavery

• Popular sovereignty: States decide if they want to vote down abolition or not

The California Issue 

• 80,000 americans flooded CA in hopes of obtaining gold in 1849

• Increased population meant that CA could apply for statehood

• CA’s proposed state constitution barred slavery

• If CA was admitted as a free state it would upset balance in sSemate

  • South tries to block CA statehood, succeeds 

A Needed Compromise

• Henry Clay sensed the Union was in peril

  • Would CA or part of it become a free state?

  • How should land acquired from Mexico be organized (boundries)

• Clay got help from Stephen A. Douglas (IL) to package compromises

The Compromise of 1850

• Ca was admitted as a free state 

• NM and UT would abide by popular sovereignty

• TX would receive $10 million dollars from US

• Stronger enforecement of the Fugitive Slave Law

Problems with the Compromise

• Fugitive Slave Act

  • Allowed slave owners to present evidence of a slave who escaped

  • Decription was “conclusive” proof of a slave

  • If “found” (even if they just met description) there would be no trial– they were put into slavery in the South

Abolitionist Uproar

• Fugitive Slave Act was a violation of the Bill of Rights – no trial

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

  • Harriet Beecher Stow wrote about the plight of the slave and it captivated and motivated millions of northerners 

• South saw abolition as a threat to their way of life 

Southern Reply

• Pro Slavery arguments 

  • Based on pseudoscientific data about difference between races

  • Claimed wage labor was worse than slavery

  • Biblical accounts of slavery

  • Belief that black people were inferior (open racism)

Election of 1852

• Democraft Franklin Pierce has convincing electoral win over Whig nominee

  • Primarily because of deaths of leading Whigs

  • Pierce was unable to address sectional problems

Closure 

• How could the Civil War  have been prevented by 1852

  • What are the major issues?

  • How can they be addressed

Problems in Kansas and Nebraska

• Stephen Douglas proposed organizing Kansas and Nebraska into states using “popular sovereignty”

• Question was should popular sovereignty “overrule” the missouri compromise

  • MO Comp stated that no territory N of the “Compromise line” could have slavery

  • South pressed Douglas to repeal 36 30’ line and allow popular sovereignty 

Kansas and Nebraska Act

• Allows for popular sovereignty to determine fate of both territories / states

• Bill becomes a law with the support of President Pierce in 1854

  • Antislavery uproar: since slavery was now allowed where it had been prohibited

Bleeding Kansas 

• Elections were flooded by pro-slavery missourians who unlawfully voted for pro-slavery candidates

• Pro-slavery leaders arrested Free-Soilers (otherwise known as abolitionists)

• John Brown (immediatist abolitionist) murdered 5 proslavery settlers who were trying to vote illegally

Violence in Congress 

• Anti Slavery speech by Charles Sumner (MA) – May 1856

• Preston Brooks (SC) attacks Sumner in his office w/ a cane

• In support of Brooks’ actions other southerners send him their canes

• Northerners outraged at the attack on the free speech and violence

New Political Parties

• Republican Party formed 

  • Antislavery Whigs and Democrats

  • Free-soilers

  • Other Northern reformers

• American Party (Know-Nothings)

  • Anti-Immigration Party: played upon fears and angers Americans had and directed them at immigrants

  • Did not last past 1856

The Supreme Court and Slavery

• Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

  • Missouri slave sued his owner for freedom

  • Based on his former owner taking him into IL and WI (free state/territory) for several years

Dred Scott Issues and Decision

• Issues: 

  • Had residence in a free state made him free?

  • Was a black person a citzen and were they able to sue (go to court)?

• Decision by Chief Justice Taney & Court

  • Sided with pro-slavery group (vote 7-2)

  • Scott not a citizen of US or Missouri

  • Residence in free territory did not make him free

  • Congress could not bar slavery in a territory (Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional) 

Reaction to Dred Scott

• Justices voted on sectional grounds (more S than N judges)

• Northerners were angry

  • Claimed a few slave owners were dictating national policy

• Republican party emerges from Whigs

  • Party did not try to abolish slavery only tried to contain it to where it already existed

IX.I - Setting the Stage 

Lincoln-Douglass Debates

1858 Campaign for Illinois Senate illustrated differing viewpoints on slavery

Lincoln:

• A house divided will not stand

• Against expansion of slavery

• Not an abolitionist

Douglas 

• Popular sovereignty 

• “Freeport Doctrine” - went against Dred Scott decision

  • Felt territories could ban slavery 

  • Divided, weakened and split Democratic party N and S 

Douglas wins Illinois election but loses Southern support 

Evidence of Slave Power

• Slave Power: A few powerful slave owners were forcing national decisions to be made for their benefit

  • Proslavery legislatures bet at Lecompton, Kansas and made a state constitution permitting slavery

  • President Buchanan tried to push the Lecompton Constitution through Congress allowing the expansion of slavery 

Breaking up of the Union

• Harper’s Ferry (VA)

  • John Brown tried to start slave rebellion 

  • Captured, tried, executed

  • Seen as a martyr

    • Emerson and Thoreau supported his actions 

Implications of the Election 

• Crittenden Compromise

  • John Crittenden (KY) suggests a return to MO Compromise

  • Lincoln rules concessions on territories 

• South begins to discuss secession

South Carolina Secession 

• December 1860 – Ordinance of Secession passes in the SC legislature

  • SC formally decides to break away from the US

  • What are the grievances against the North

Confederate States of America

• Southern extremists had their way

• By Feb 1861: MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX all joined SC in seceding

• Elect Jefferson Davis (MS) as President 

• Not a unified effort

  • “Upper South” rejected secession until after the fighting had begun

  • Many in “Lower South” opposed secession and did not vote in “Confederate” elections

Fort Sumnter

• Fighting began 4/12/1861 - Ft. Sumer, SC

• Federal (US) troops stationed at Fort Sumter needed supplies

• Lincoln sent Navy to resupply but was told he could not by the Confederate States

• Federal Garrison (US) surrendered after 2 days of heavy fighting

  • The South becomes more enthusiastic about their prospects for war and their confederation

IX - The Civil War 

IX.I - A Long War

Advantages:

Union 

• Manpower

• Infrastructure

• Manufacturing

• Navy

• Currency

• Established government

Confederacy:

•  Products (cotton) to trade w/ Europe

• Generals

• Fought on their soil

The South Goes to War

• Upper South seceded after Fort Sumter 

• Support within the Confederacy

  • Women sewed uniforms

  • Men boasted of whipping the “Yankees”

• South wins the battle of Bull Run (VA)

  • Both sides had poorly trained armies

  • Tactical win for the South by Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson

The Union Use of Navy

• The Union needs to respond to the early Confederate Success

• The Union establishes a naval blockade

  • Block ports along Atlantic and Gulf 

  • Force South to become self-sufficient

War’s Effect on Southern Way of Life

• Political: Centralization of powers (strengthening the federal government)

  • South will need to enact a draft

• Economic: Need to manufacture

  • Printing Confederate money = inflation (money isn’t worth much)

  • Difficulty trading due to blockade

• Social: Women in the workplace

These dramatic changes upset many in the South who thought the South lost their values

A Need for a Draft

•  Tens of thousands of Southern soldiers had volunteered for one year

• Shortage of troops as the War continued into 2-3 resulted in Confederacy enacting a draft

• Wealthy could avoid the draft by giving money to the Confederate government 

The War in the West 

• Ulyssess S. Grant (in charge of the Union army) had success in TN by dividing the W and controlling the Mississipi River

• Battle of Shiloh (TN - April 1862)

  • No clear Victor

  • Huge destruction

    • North lost 13,000 of 63,000 // South lost 11,000 of 40,000

IX.II - Executive Power

War’s Effect on the North

•  How the Civil War affected Northern way of life

  • Political: Executive branch expanded powers and took on additional responsibilities

  • Economic: Factories supported war effort (industry and agriculture)

    • Unemployment was low as many were put to work

  • Social: Increased citizenship (participation)

    • Workers formed unions (worked collectively)

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

• Issued after Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam (bloodiest day of fighting in the War - 26,000 casualties in one day)

• Frees slaves in all states “in rebelllion agaisnt the United States [the Union]” 

• Beginning of the end of slavery in the United States 

Executive Power

• During the War Lincoln expanded the power of the executive branch

  • Army shut down pro-secessionist newspaper

  • Martial Law declared in border states

    • Military sets rules not state governments

    • Some rights may be suspended

  • Suspended writ of habeas corpus

    • Meant people could now be held in jail w/o going to court 

    • Constitution allows for this during “a rebellion”

Closure 

• What is the proper use of executive power 

IX.III - The End

Southern dissatisfaction with the Confederate Government

• Southern opposition to their own government

  • Policies of Jefferson Davis’ (President of Confederacy) took power away from the states

  • Draft dodging and desertions from Confederate Army 

  • High taxes and avoidance of tax collectors 

  • Food riots (spring 1863) as a result of food shortages

• 1863: people began to vote for leaders who would work towards ending the war 

Northern Opposition to War

• Copperheads: Vocal group of Democrats who opposed the Civil War

• NYC Draft Riot

  • Irish mobs attack black neighborhoods, churches etc, blaming them for the war

  • Over 100 died in sustained violence 

On the Battlefield in the East 

• Chancellorsville, VA - May 1863

  • 60,000 C defeat 100,000 U 

  • Evidence of superior military leadership of Confederate Gen Robert E. Lee

• Gettysburg, PA (July 1-4 1863)

• As a result of Lee’s successes in the East the Confederates push into PA

• Fierce 3 days of fighting result in Confederate defeat and retreat

• The furthest North the Confederates push into the war

• Approx 50,000 casualties (23k Union and 20k Confederacy)

The Focus Shifts to the West: Vicksburg, MS

• Vicksburg, MS (July 4, 1863) allows Union to take control of the Mississippi River

• Why would many see the victory at Vicksburg to be one of the most significant victories of the war?

Northern pressure

• South still had the advantage of fighting a defensive war

• Lincoln reassings Grannt to the East to fight Lee

• William T. Sherman Union general in charge of West

• Began Sherman’s March to the Sea 

Sherman’s March

• Effective in controlling Atlanta & Savannah

• Troops then worked from GA to the North

• Enabled slaves to escape

• Criticized because it was highly destructive

  • Cut path 50-60 miles wide; destroyed everything in its way 

Heavy Casualties Affect the South

• Grant and Sherman strategy of wearing down the Confederacy through casualties begins to work

• Lincoln faced a close reelection bid in 1864

  • War was worn down support Lincoln in the North

  • Shermna and Grant’s victories improve Northern morale and assure Lincoln’s reelection

• Grant hurled his troops at Lee

  • Grant lost thousands of men per battle 

  • Promised to continue to fight while Confederate numbers dwindled 

X - Reconstruction 

X.I - What Next?

Freedom?

• Some freedmen (name of former slaves) rejoiced at the idea of freedom

  • Search for family members

  • Moved because they finally could

• Most freedmen were skeptical

  • Assumed hostility from whites would continue

Freedmen Wanted Opportunity

• On Some requested education

• Majority wanted land ownership

  • Compensation or generations in bondage

  • Wanted to farm independently

  • Thought it was earned through military service

    • Had been paid inferior wages

    • Had been discriminated against while serving 

A Mixed Response to Freedmen from the North

• Abolitionists and Republicans

  • Helped blacks fight for equal rights through courts 

  • 13th amendment (1865)

    • Congressional end to slavery

• Resistance to equality

  • Democrats fought to reject black suffrage

  • Suffrage = the right to vote

Race Problem in the South

• White southerners felt threatened by the freedmen

• Prejudice and lack of understanding allowed for fears grow into hatred 

X.II - Any Good Plans?

A First Attempt

• The first attempt was to reconstruct was made during the war by General William T. Sherman

• Issued Special Field Order 15

  • Set aside land (SC-FL) for settlement by black people

Johnson in Office 

• Assasination of Lincoln left Andrew Johnson in charge of the nation

• At first - Southern plantations upset

  • Johnson from TN but had been critical of plantation priorities

• At first - Northern radicals enthused

  • Appeared Johnson would punish the South

Lincoln’s %10 Plan (December 1863)

• When %10 of those in the South who voted in 1860 election signed an oath of loyalty to the U.S – state would be “brought back into the union”

• High ranking confederates would be denied the right to vote

• “Well-Qualified” freedmen could vote

• Suggested compensation for freed slaves

• Wanted military authority in S states until state met requirements 

Response to Lincoln’s Plan

• Lincoln’s cabinet (Sec of War Edwin Stanton) and Radical Republicans were upset – both favored harsher penalties

• Impossible to know what Lincoln would have done if he had the opportunity

Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan (May 1865)

• Voting rights for freedmen determined by individual states

• All Southerners needed to take an oath of loyalty to have their state be admitted back into the union

• No formal punishment for high ranking officials if they went to Johnson personally and asked for a pardon

• Temporary governors appointed

• New state constitutions outlawing slavery were necessary

Lincoln Johnson

Oath %10 %100

Voting Confederacy leaders denied No punishment if they ask A.J

Black Suffrage Well Qualified Determined by states

Compensation Yes ($) n/a  

Goals of Johnson’s Plan 

• If all conditions were met states could rejoin the Union full congressional representation

• Support states rights 

The Ineffective Implementation of Johnson’s Plan

• Johnson hurts his credibility by issuing large amounts of pardons

• December 1865 Johnson declares Reconstruction “complete”

  • Confederates took place in congress

  • Former VP of Confederacy Alexander Stephens returned as Senator of the United States

    • Nation divided again

• Southern states postponed denouncing slavery in their state constitutions

• Increased tension between Johnson and Congress

  • Congress voted to not admit the new representatives (former Confederates)

  • Radical (Northern) Republicans in Congress begin to formulate their own plan

X.III - A Radical Plan!

• How could Congress guarantee the Southern states a “republican government” when they had seceded

• What had rebellion done to the relationship between the seceded states and the Union

• Was the Confederacy a group of states or conquered territories 

The Radical Republican Ideology 

• Lead by Thaddeus Stevens

• Establish public education in S

• Ensure rights for freedmen – favored suffrage

• Supported land confiscation and redistribution 

• Willing to to exclude the South from federal government for several years if necessary 

Congressional Compromise

• Attempts at compromise were vetoed by President Johnson in spring 1866

  • Johnson didn’t support the definition of citizenship that included all former slaves

  • Johnson opposed the Freedmen’s Bureau

    • Created to feed hungry; negotiate labor contracts; start public schools for freedmen

• Congress realized they could not work with Johnson

14th Amendment Passed

• Constitutional guarantee of citizenship to freedmen

  • Prohibited southern states from ignoring constitutional rights of freedmen

  • Did not address females

  • 13th - frees slaves; 14th - consitutional rights;  15th - voting

Reaction to 14th Amendment 

• Johnson tries to block amendment 

• Initially every Southern state except TN rejects the Amendment

• Once amendment passed new focus was on compensation for former slaves

  • Attempt made to get 40 acre plots (land in the West) guaranteed for the freedmen - does not become law 

• “Biggest failure of the Reconstruction” 

Congress Passes: Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

• Some confederate leaders were prohibited from holding office

• Guaranteed freedmen the right to vote

• Southern states had to ratify the 14th Amendment in their State constitution

• Militrary control over South until states met requirements 

President v Congress 

• Johnson responds by vetoing the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

• Congress passes Tenure of Office Act

  • Senate has the power to stop changes in the President’s Cabinet 

• Johnson’s Reply 

  • Removed Sec of War Stanton who was favored by the Radical Republicans

  • Seen as a violation of the Tenure of Office Act 

Impeachment of President Johnson

• 1868 House voted on impeaching Johnson for violating Tenure of Office Act

• Most historians regard Johnson’s effort to impede enforcement of the Military Reconstruction Act as a more serious and potentially “impeachable” crime

• Fell 1 vote short of the ⅔ majority needed to remove Johnson from office 

15th Amendement Passed

• Forbade states to deny the right to vote “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude” 

• Passed in response to Southern states trying to make it difficult for freedmen to vote 

X.IV  - The Effects

White Resistence

• White southerners opposed changes 

  • Tried to block freedmen from acquiring land

  • Wouldn’t hire freedmen to work

• White conservatives (resisting changes of reconstruction) began campaigning on state levels for office 

Black Political Response to Reconstruction

• Voted enthusiastically

• Black state legislators elected into office

• Supported expansion of rights to include women 

Radical Republicans Attempt to Influence the South

• Wanted to stimulate industrial growth 

• Pressed for public (segregated) schools

• Faced fierce opposition by conservative Southerners

Impact on Southern Life 

• Changes in the South meant Southerners needed to change how/where they worked

• Sharecroppers: Southerners worked the land of wealthy plantation owner

  • Didn’t own land themselves

  • Didn’t share equally in economic benefit

Conservative Propaganda

• Southern white anger was directed at black southerners and northern white

• “Carpetbagger” – white northerners who came to the South to profit and leave

• “Scalagwag” – name to discredit white Southerners who worked to get freedmen more rights 

Violent Opposition

• The most violent opposition came from the Ku Klux Klan and White League

• Groups emerge to oppress blacks and keep power in the hands of whites

• Murders / whippiings to keep freedmen living in fear 

Southern Resistance

• South responds to the winding down of Reconstruction by passing Jim Crow laws

  • Attempt to oppress freedmen through state and local laws

  • Enforced segregation and discrimination

  • Won’t be overturned until Civil Rights movement of 20th century 

Failure of Reconstruction

• High economic cost of implementing the different programs with such opposition

• Racial hostility added to cost

• White supremacy groups created more violence in the South

• Military Reconstruction Act deemed a failure after a few years 

Unit XI - The Opening of the West

XI.I - Movement and Conflict

Why Settle West?

• Push factors: events that forced people to move

  • Costly farmland in the East

  • Individuals who failed business the 1st time

• Pull Factors: conditions that attracted people to move

  • Government incentives

    • Pacific Railway Act (1862) government gave land to RR companies who sold it to individuals

    • Morill Land-Grant Act (1862) gave state governments land to sell to individuals to make a profit

    • Homestead Act (1862) settlers could buy 160 acres for a small fee – this was the most critical Act in moving the population west 

Native American Life in the Plains

• Lived as farmers, hunters, and nomads 

• Buffalo were life-sustaining for the Native Americans who settled down in the plains (nomads followed buffalo migration patterns)

Cause of Tension with Native Americans

• Values: Settlers and Native Americans had different views on land and resources

• RR cut across Native American land 

• Gold Rush brought many Americans across Great Plains and led to conflict

• Broken Treaties

  • Native Americans had many reservation treaties broken by the US gov 

• Barbed wire altered buffalo migration pattern

Critical Battles 

• Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)

  • Sioux (Dakota, Wyoming, Montana) resisted white expansion into their land

  • US Govt wanted to buy Black Hill Mountains (believed there was gold in Hills)

  • Colonel Custer was sent to threaten Native Americans with violence if they didn’t agree to sell parts of the Black Hill Mountains

  • Native American reacted powerfully and wiped out Custer and his 200 men

Dawes Act (1887) 

• Passed by US Govt without the consent of Native Americans

• US took too much of the land in the Dakotas and sold the rest as 160 acte plots to Native Americans

  • Positive: If Native Americans farmed land for profit they could gain US citizenship

  • Negative: Farming for profit went against their values, Farmmland was not useful, Native Americans were not experienced as farmers

Critical Battle

• Massacre at Wounded Knee, SD (1890)

  • Native Americans are upset at continued American encroachment on their land

  • Native Americans did not support the Dawes Act

  • Custer’s old unit tried to arrest Sitting Bull (chief) who resisted and was shot and killed

  • 300+ native americans were rounded up at Wounded Knee Creek where soldiers opened fire and more than 200 Sioux were killed

Native American Policy 

• Focused on U.S expansion and economic growth

• No concern for Native American culture

• Goal of “assimilation” (belief that Native Amercians needed to adopt white culture)

• N.A were placed on reservatioosn

  • Not usually suitable for farming

  • Much of this “reserved” land became open to settlers in time; further reducing N.A land

Unit XII.I - Industrial America

Industrialization’s Characteristics

• Technological innovation leads to an expansion of big businesses

• Increased workforce in manufacturing

• Production of goods concentrated in factories as opposed to small businesses 

• National transportation based on railroad

• Expanded markets - no longer local

• Increase in size and significance of cities  

Invention 

• Thomas edison exemplified importance of innovation that was urged on by technological advances

• Menlo Park, NJ was an invention factory

  • Electric Light Company

  • 1000 innovations

• The Industrial Revolution allows for these (and other) inventions to be distributed to large and growing markets 

Mass Production

• Most visionary manufacturer was Hnery Ford - mass production of cars

• Goal was to make automobile accessible financially

• 1908 - 10,000 cars // 1914 - 240,000

Industrialization’s Positive Effects on Everyday Life

• Electricity, cars, chemicals, telephone, typewriter, sewing machines, refrigerators, streetcars changed business and personal life between 1865-1910

• Increased access to these and other products changed American society 

Problems with Industrialization

• New jobs didn’t require as much skill = lower paying jobs

• Big business meant

  • Fewer small businesses

  • Less control off individual workday 

Growth of Big Business

• Advantages of large factories

  • Had $ to buy new machines

  • Could ship in bulk and save expenses 

  • Could afford to advertise

  • Decreased price of goods

  • Hurt and eliminated many small businesses

• Factories = Increased Efficiency

  • Production of goods was measured against a stopwatch

  • Pace became more important than skill

  • Quality of products decreased 

XII.II - Consolidation Movement and the Gospel of Wealth

Boom and Bust Cycles

• Vast economic growth followed by a financial panic

• Effects of Booms

  • More jobs 

  • More wealth created

• Effects of Busts 

  • Depressed wages and hours

  • Less jobs

  • Businesses destroyed 

• Result of overproduction & underconsumption

• Poor investment choices

• Lack of government regulations 

Significance of Corporations

• Anyone could start a company by selling stock (shares of ownership) to investors

• Allowed companies to raise money

• By 1900 corporations were responsible for ⅔ of manufactured goods in the US

Results of a Lack of Government Oversight

• Big businesses boomed

• The lack of regulation allowed John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company to control most of the petroleum industry in the U.S

• J.P Morgan’s U.S. Steel dominated all aspects of the steel industry

• Financial Exchanges became centers of activity (stock exchanges)

Philosophy - Social Darwinism

• Belief that power would flow naturally to the most capable individuals if government did not interfere

• Claimed where you “started in life” would not matter – if you were most capable you would succeed.

• Connected Darwin’s theory of natural, selection to that of laissez-faire government

Gospel of Wealth (1889)

• Andrew Carnegie (steel) claimed industrialists had greater moral responsibility since they were trustee’s of society’s wealth

  • Should donate to the public

• Rockefeller disagreed – said it was his duty to make money and spend it according to how he felt it should be used

Government: Assistance to Business 

• Paradox – business executives who didn’t want to aid the individual were pressing for government assistance in supporting big business

• Businesses denounced rules that would aid unions (working class) or regulate factories (working conditions)

• At same time they argued for government money to encourage business growth

  • Inexpensive land for RR companies

  • Tariffs to support US made products

XII.III - Dissenting Ideology

City Living 

• Tenements 

  • Poorly constructed 5-6 story buildings

  • No windows; dark, airless

  • Narrow

• Shortage of police/firefighters

• Impure water

• Clogged sewers

• Garbage rarely collected

• People who lived here were working class, their wages were so low it was the best they could afford

Growth of the City

• Transportation

  • Subways 

  • Elevated trains

  • Trolley cars

• Communication

  • Telephone

• Jobs

  • Poor paying jobs attracted immigrants

• Functionality

  • Skyscrapers 

  • Bridges

  • Department stores

  • Parks

  • Central park, 1876

Corruption: Development of the “Political Machine”

• Unofficial city organization

  • Designed to keep a particular party in power

  • Usually headed by a single “boss” 

• Votes and/or money lead to “favors” 

• Tammany Hall, NYC:

  • William “Boss” Tweed

    • Ran NYC Democrats

  • Corruption

    • Fraud

    • Ballot box stuffing

Foundations for Dissent

• Some believed that the government support for big business only helped the very wealthy

• Fear of monopoly 

  • Could set prices and levels of output

  • Could cut wages and hours

• Concerns that political corruption was keeping the poor voiceless and oppressed

Social Critics

• Henry George Progress and Poverty (1879) - rising land values allowed for few to profit at the hands of many

• Edward Bellamy Looking Backward (1888) - wanted equality for all and to unite people against a corrupt capitalist society

• Both attempted to draw attention to some of the problems with capitalism during this time period 

Concerns: Uneven Distribution of Power

• Big business

  • Controlled economic and political power

  • People in power kept power (Boss Tweed)

• Laborers and Farmers

  • Had large numbers 

  • Had new ideas on how to earn more money

  • Lacked political power so ideas didn’t get implemented 

• Concerns: The Shift From Craftsmen to Employees

  • Majority of working class now worked for someone

    • Not paid by consumers but paid wages

    • Worked when they were told they could work

    • Less control over leisure time 

Social Change: 

Employment of Women

• 1800-1900: 2.6m to 8.6m working women

  • Clerical (office) jobs were biggest increase

  • Big business recognized they could hire more female works and fire male managers in order to keep more profits 

Employment of Children

• 1890: %18 of children 10-15 were employed

  • Paid a fraction of adult wages

  • Working conditions were miserable

• State laws regarding age requirements and hours worked per week were not enforced 

Reforms: Legislators Act Against Monopolies

• Public resentment towards big business spurs action

• Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

  • Companies that restrain/restrict trade illegal

  • However vague definition = difficult enforcement 

  • Supreme court decisions support businesses and do not act to break up monopolies 

Working Conditions

• Courts supported corporations by denying workers opportunity to organize and bargain collectively

• Industrial accidents killed or injured hundreds of thousands of people before reform (1920)

  • High speed machinery

  • Fires, mine cave-ins, explosions

XII.IV - Labor Strikes Back

Railroad Strikes of 1877

• Railroad workers protesting wage cuts

  • Violence spread from PA to Chicago

  • Rioters focused on attacking company property not individuals

  • State militias brought in = increase in violence

  • President Rutherford Hayes finally used federal troops to end the destruction 

Plausible Causes of Strikes

• Panic of 1873

  • Low wages were a result of the recession

  • Economy recovered ownership kept more $ for themselves

• RR workers knew others sympathized with their plight 

  • Many wanted to attack the power of corporations 

The Union Movement 

• Created to protect worker interests

• Prior unions had limited successes

  • Small memberships based on occupation

    • Hat makers, Blacksmith, Textile worker 

Knights of Labor 

• Garment cutters who opened doors to other workers during the 1870s

  • 730,000 members in 1886

• Goal was a society where laborers worked for themselves not the “titans of industry” 

  • Wanted cooperation to allow workers to gain ownership 

Labor Action: Haymarket Riot 

• Knights argued for 8 hour workday

  • Create jobs and decrease fatigue

  • Chicago 1886 peaceful labor demonstration broken up by police

  • 3 days later - rally at Haymarket Square 

    • Bomb killed 11 and injured 67 police

  • Haymarket bombing

    • Public noticed how upset workers were

    • Public angry at use of violence

American Federation of Labor 

• Largest workers organization after 1886 

• Policy to suit self interest of all workers 

• Samuel Gompers (head of A.F.L) wanted to push for specific goals not idealistic philosophy

  • Higher wages; shorter work week; collective bargaining

• 1 million members 1901; 2.5m by 1917

Labor Action: Homestead, PA and Pullman Strike

• Carnegie Steel Plant at Homestead closed when workers refused to accept pay cuts 

  • Riots ensued and hundreds injured

• In 1894 workers at Pullman Palace Car and Company (Chicago) walked out address their concerns

  • Pullman controlled land, school, banks, rents, wages, water in his “model-town”

  • Cut wages & closed plants to increase profits

  • Eugene Debs helped strikers boycott Pullman Cars 

    • Debs jailed for 6 months  

    • Supreme Court upheld sentence sayin he was an “obstacle to interstate commerce