Period 4

(1800-1848)

Federalists

founded in the late 18th century, was the first American political party that advocated for a strong central government, a robust national economy, and close ties with Britain, led by figures such as Alexander Hamilton and John Adams

Democratic-Republicans

founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in the 1790s, advocated for states’ rights, a limited federal government, an agrarian economy, and opposition to the Federalist Party’s pro-British policies

foreign policy concerns (Britain & France)

involved issues like trade restrictions, impressment of American sailors, and territorial disputes, which culminated in the War of 1812 between the US and Britain

Second Great Awakening

a religious revival movement in the early 19th century that emphasized personal salvation, the importance of individual faith, and social reforms, leading to the growth of various Protestant denominations and the spread of abolitionism and women’s rights

Romanticism

an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that emphasized emotion, individualism, nature, and the sublime, often in reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment and the industrial revolution

American System

proposed by Henry Clay in the early 19th century, it was an economic plan that aimed to strengthen the US economy through protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements like roads and canals to foster commerce and unify the nation

Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825)

occurred during President James Monroe’s administration, and was marked by political unity, a sense of national pride, and economic growth, though underlying tensions over slavery and states’ rights began to emerge

Market Revolution

a major economic transformation in the early 19th century US, characterized by the expansion of transportation networks, industrialization, and a shift from subsistence farming to a national market-based economy

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

the US, under President Thomas Jefferson, bought approximately 828,000 square miles of territory from France, doubling the use of the nation and expanding westward

Missouri Compromise (1820)

an agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to maintain the balance in Congress, while banning slavery north of the 36°30′ latitude line in the Louisiana Territory

Jacksonian Era (1820s-1830s)

marked by the expansion of democratic participation, the rise of the ‘common man’ in politics, and controversial policies like the Indian Removal Act and opposition to the national bank

Democrats

emerging in the 1820s under Andrew Jackson, they were a political party that championed states’ rights, limited federal government, and the interests of the common man, particularly farmers and working-class citizens

Whigs

a political party formed in the 1830s in opposition to Andrew Jackson’s Democrats, advocating for a strong federal government, economic modernization, protective tariffs, and internal improvements

tariffs

taxes imposed on imported goods, often used to protect domestic industries from foreign competition and generate revenue for the government

Trail of Tears

the forced relocation of thousands of Native Americans, primarily the Cherokee, from their ancestral lands in the Southeast to designated territory west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s, resulting in great suffering and thousands of deaths

reform movements (19th century)

efforts aimed at improving society, including causes such as abolition, temperance, women’s rights, education, and prison reform, driven largely by religious revivalism and democratic ideals

xenophobia

the fear, distrust, or hatred of people from other countries or cultures, often leading to discrimination, exclusion, or hostility toward immigrants and foreigners

bonds of interdependence (Northeast & Northwest)

formed through economic ties, with the Northeast supplying manufactured goods and the Old Northwest providing agricultural products, fostering mutual reliance in the expanding American economy