World History Sem 1 Final

power

ability to influence actions / behaviors or others; usually form of coersion

identity

qualities, beliefs, traits, and / or personalities; makes up individuals / groups (changes)

production

process of making goods / services for consumption / trade

examples of goods

bread, steel

examples of services

haircuts, construction

1450 - 1750

timespan of the Early Modern Era

what the Early Modern Era was defined by

• “Age of Exploration”

• “encounter” between people across the globe

• conquest & empire building

• globalization in trade

• sustained contact between “Old World” & “New World”

Old World

Europe, Asia, Africa

New World

N. & S. America, Australasia

state

organized political community with a single system of government

bureaucracy

type of administration based on specialization, fixed rules, and a hierarchy

autocracy

type of gov’t where one person (usually monarch) possessed the power to rule and govern

absolutist monarch

monarch with no checks on their power and could do what they wanted

constitutional monarch

monarch had limits placed on their power by the elites / nobility

ethnocentrism

attitude that one’s own group, ethnicity, or nationality is superior to others; defined most societies of the early modern Era

Pre-Reformation Europe religion

Christendom

Post-Reformation Europe religion

Protestant, Catholic, Orthodox, + other

Islamicate

consisted of N. Africa, Mid. East, W. Asia; Sunni majority, Shi’a minority

“Middle Kingdom”

Chinese concept that China was below heaven but above the rest of the world

World Systems Theory

argues:

1) world can be divided into three economic regions: core, semi-peripheral, peripheral

2) relationship between regions determined by technological, military, and economic advantages

3) relationship between regions is unequal and will remain so until massive economic shift

Asia and Middle East

economic “core” for most of history; very large and the middle of trade respectively

European “Dark Ages”

occured after fall of Roman Empire in 476 C.E. and where Europe & N. Africa shifted between semi-peri and peri status

Islamic Conquests of the Midle East and the Crusades

_______ encouraged European states and merchants to find a way around the Muslim World and get to Asia.

provincial goods

goods made by local artisans for local consumption

luxury goods

spices, procelain/chin, silks

serfs

peassanted tithed to lord’s land

tithe

labor / produced ta that peasants paid to lords

chattel slavery

people used as property; relatively rare globally at beginning of EME

core countries

exploitative and usually use other countries for own benefit

semi-peripheral

hover between core and peripheral; usually on brink of industrialization or attempting to

peripheral

on the edge and usually exploited

mid 16th century

time period where:

• Spain has large empire in N.S. America

• Portugal has large trade post empire in Asia plus holdings in S. America & Africa

• France, England, and Dutch are encouraged to break into global trade as well

Columbian Exchange

widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, people, tech, diseases, and ideas between new World and Old World

Columbian Exchange time frame

15th and 16th centuries

Europe —> Americas

wheat, sugar, bananas, rice, grapes, dandelions, horses, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, smallpox, measles, typhus

immediate population collapse

What happened to the native population in the Americas after the Europeans arrived?

Americas —> Europe

potatoes, corn, cassava, tomatoes, pumpkins, squash, peanuts, cacao, tobacco

silver

popular hard currency for exotic goods

1500 -1700

time period where Spain controlled 85% of the world’s silver production

Potosi mine

popular silver mine; labor fueled by Atlantic Slave Trade

additional demand for cows due to demand for candles and leather working in the mines

most silver shipped to Acapulco

inflation

________ occurred after silver supply increased drastically and its value went down

examples of joint stock companies

Dutch East India Company, British East India Company

joint stock company

when people share profit in order to reduce risk in business

god, gold, glory

factors motivating European exploration

cash crops

agricultural crops grown for profit; generally labor intensive to grow and process

Ex. sugar, tobacco, cotton, etc.

sugar

produced from sugar cane; reed like grasp native to New Guinea, later introduced to China, India, Muslim World, and eventually Europe & Americas

1096 - 1291

time range when Europeans most likely got the first taste of sugar

Azores (1440s)

chain of extinct volcano islands; Portuguese establish sugar plantations in these areas due to tropical climate ; fueled by Muslim and African slaves

Caribbean people were wiped out

African slaves were used and replaced native Caribbean people because ___________.

Triangle Trade

What is being depicted?

race

social construct based on physical characteristics

• static / fixed

• biological difference (Ex. being “black” or “white”)

ethnicity

membership of a group based on characteristics

• fluid; can and does change over time

• about identity / membership (Ex. can be “Jewish” / “American”)

othering

identifying as an “other”; bad when creating caste for people

racism

acting on ethnocentrism + discrimination of group based on physical characteristics

Catholic view on Africans / Indians

decided Africans and Indians had souls after much contemplation

Protestant view on Africans / Indians

mainly ignored Indians / Africans

purpose for slavery in Early Modern Era

labor, political power and prestige; tapped into preexisting slave trade routes

Great Divergence

when the “west” overtook the “rest”

agrarian / agricultural society

any community whose economy is primarily based on producing crops / maintaining farmland

industrial / industrialized society

society drive by use of technology to enable mass production of goods, organized along division of labor

industrialization

period of social or economic change that transforms a human group from agrarian society into industrialized society

extensive reorganization of economy for purpose of manufacturing

land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship

four factors of production

economic base

combined factors of production, either agricultural or industriral

superstructure

anything not directly involved in factors of production; “house” on top of base

Ex. military, philosophy, art, culture

cottage production / industry

production in rural areas; small, rural shops using hand / simple machines

First Industrial Revolution

advances in science, new tech, change in consumer taste, and steady increasing levels in connection around the world

consumerism

idea that purchasing, using, and / or consuming goods is a positive thing

wants and needs are infinitely stretchable

Merchants and producers realized _________.

imperialism

policty of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force; usually control by a more powerful state over less powerful state

agricultural revolution

revolution in 17th - 18th centuries; farming techniques evolved and new tech introduced

tenant farmers

paid rent for land from landowner with labor, part of harvest, or money

enclosure movement

turned tenants and sharecroppers into landless farm laborers, many of whom moved to cities to seek work

time when Columbian Exchange is mostly complete

1700

Enlightenment / Age of Reason

wave of social, political ,and philosophical changes in Europe, primarily during the 18th century; used reason to understand how the world worked

3 origins of Enlightenment

1) Wars of Religion in 16th - 17th centuries (Prot. Vs. Cath.)

2) Pre-Enlightenment thinkers (Renaissance) + Rene Descartes

3) scientific revolution —> “Scientific method” —> logic

philosophes

included major thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, and Maquielli

social characteristics of philosophes

disdain of messiness and chaos; preference for democracy, discussion, and imposition

desire to create social standards based on reason

utilitarianism

greatest good for greatest number

tolerance

the mentality that no opinion is worth burning your neighbor for

freedom

liberty to all men; anti-absolutism

legal reform

justic and freamwork of gov’t

constitutionalism

legal framework for gov’t

public education

introduced from Prussia and educated men better for the draft

Seven Years’ War (1756 - 1763)

a result of disputed boundaries and commerical competition

outcome of Seven Years’ War

France ejected from N.A., colonies ceded to britina; Britain’s foothold in India strengthens and in a position to dominate world trade

British raised taxes for colonies in order to recover from war

“Le Defecit”

socio-economic wasteful spending in France; extreme poverty and massive debt

feudalism

the estates’ system; clergy, aristocracy, and commoners

Jan 1789

the month where Louis calls assembly of Three Esates —> “Estates General

Third Estate

underrepresented peasants regardless of their size; developed slogan “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

Bastille

prision and armory; stormed on July 14, 1789 for weapons in peasant revolution

“The Declaration of the Rights of Man”

turned French subjects to citizens, and adopted from the Declaration of Independence; left and right politics came from French Rev.

political factions left to right

socialist / communist, leftist, liberal, centrist / moderate, conservate, right wing, fascist

First Coalition

invaded France in 1792; mass conscription of able bodied men to military service

national assembly replaced by national convention

Radical Phase

1793 - 1794; constitutional monarchy put in place, and Louis + royal family put on guillotine

1793

Maxmillian Robespierre and Committe of Public Safety gain power to protect revolution from threats; eventually ends up executing thousands of people for “treason”

Napoleon Bonaparte

Corsican; supported Jacobins and rose through ranks of Revolutionary Army; crowned himself emperor in 1804 and inevitably turned back to monarchy

Napoleon’s ambitions

________ included him wanting to turn Europe into one politicla entity and defeating virtually everyone except the British.

“Continental System”

Napoleon’s goal to isolate Britain and promote France’s mastery over Europe

nationalism

rose up in protest to Napoleon putting his brother in power; belief that tpoeple should be loyal to their nation

Penninsular War

Portugal refused to comply w/ Continental System; allied with English who viewed Spanish resistance as opportunity to weaken Napoleon

result: five years later —> French thrown out from Spain