Macronutrients

What are the three macronutrients?

• proteins

• lipids

• carbohydrates

What is the number one in important nutrients to all life

water

What are the micronutrients

• vitamins

• minerals

• macrominerals

• microminerals

What does it mean non-essential nutrients

ones that can be made by the body

What does it mean essential nutrients

what we have to provide in diet

What does Complete & balanced mean

meets all essential nutrient needs and in appropriate ratios

For therapeutic diets, nutrients may

may be increased or decreased compared to current (maintenance) diet

feeding a phosphorus-deficient diet to help

slow progression of chronic kidney disease

enhancing omega-3 fatty acids to support

joint health

What if there is too much protein in the diet?

What about too much fat?

What about too much carbohydrates?

THIS ALL DEPENDS ON THE INDVIDUAL

Macronutrient profile

• % of metabolizable energy (ME) from ...

– Protein

– Fat

– Carbohydrates

What do macronutrients do?

Source of essential nutrients

Protein is a source of essential

amino acids

Lipid/fat is a source of essential

fatty acids

Carbohydrates

is glucose but complicated

Which type of animal needs alot of carbohydrates

herbivores

Do cats and dogs need carbohydrates

• Not technically essential for dogs/cats, per NRC, BUT carbohydrates play an important role in GI health +/- blood glucose maintenance

What is anaerobic metabolism

does not require oxygen

goes though glycolysis

Where does anaerobic metabolism occur

in the cytosol

Where does aerobic metabolism occur

in the mitochondria

Does aerobic metabolism require O2

yes

Anaerobic metabolism deals with what nutrient

carbohydrate

What macronutrient is being dealt with aerobic metabolism

– Protein

– Lipid

– Carbohydrates

How is metabolizable energy (ME) of pet food

determined?

• By feeding test or

• By Calculation (most common, table below)

What is the value of the modified Atwater factors pet food of lipid/fat

8.5 kcal ME/g

What are Proteins

complex structures composed of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

What are Amino acids

nitrogen - containing molecules

Purpose of protein/amino acids

• Muscle

• Skin & coat health

• Hormones (including GI hormones)

• Enzymes

• Plasma oncotic pressure

• Acid/base balance

• Euglycemia (cats)

• Energy (aerobic)

What does Protein malassimilation GI health→ occur

amino acid deficiency + negatively influences

What is plasma oncotic pressure

to keep from fluids leaking out, as well as keeping the blood inside the vessels

Who has a tiger crude protein value

CATS

What is crude protein?

represents a measurement of nitrogen, not a measurement of amino acids

What does Crude protein =

Nitrogen% x 6.25

What is a good quality protein?

• Rich in essential amino acids

• Highly digestible & bioavailable

– Optimizes amino acid utilization

– Limits protein fermentation in the large

intestine

What are the essential proteins

Phenylalanine, Methionine, Arginine, Lysine

What essential protein is found in cat

Taurine

What are examples of non essential proteins

• Alanine

• Asparagine

• Cysteine

• Glutamine

• Glycine

• Proline

• Serine

• Tyrosine

Are “byproducts” a source of protein?

• Yes, animal-based byproducts (e.g. chicken byproducts) are

• also Ruch source of protein usually organ tissue different then skeletal tissue/muscle

Can plants be a good source of protein?

• Yes, for omnivores

Can plants be a good source of protein for carnivores ?

• For carnivores, it’s tricky

– Incomplete in essential amino acids, thus requires careful formulation w/ complimentary protein sources or added amino acids

How can you tell if protein (especially essential amino acids) intake is adequate?

• MCS

• Serum albumin

• Compare the current diet to requirements

What are the Deficiency syndromes if protein intake is inadequate

– Muscle loss

– Decreased growth rate

– Weight loss

– Anemia

– Poor hair coat, decreased color

– Dilated cardiomyopathy, retinopathy (taurine)

What is the purpose of lipid/fat?

• Essential fatty acids

• Energy

• Food energy density

• Cell/lipid membranes

• Neurologic & retinal development

• Fat soluble vitamin absorption

• Generally, highly palatable (dogs/cats)

What time of energy do lipids use

aerobic

What are the 3 types of lipids?

• Triglycerides

• Phospholipids

• Free fatty acids

Describe the Triglycerides

– glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Describe the Phospholipids

– glycerol + fatty acids

What are free fatty acids

• chop a fatty aid from a triglyceride or from the phospholipids

Fatty acids are characterized by

by the number of double bonds

What does it mean to be saturate

• 0 double bonds

• Single bonds only

What is Monounsaturated

1 double bond

What is Polyunsaturated

• 2+ double bonds

• All essential fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)

Are there essential and non essential saturated and mononsaturaed acids ?

no

All essential fatty acids classify into what

polyunsaturated fatty acid category

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are further characterized by

the number and location of double bonds

Describe omega 6

– 1st double bond at the 6th carbon from the methyl end (CH3 )

– Linoleic acid (LA)

– Arachidonic Acid (AA)

Describe omega 3

– 1 st double bond at the 3rd carbon from the methyl end

– Alpha linolenic acid (ALA)

– EPA, DHA

– Anti-inflammatory

Fatty acids are also characterized by their

length

How many carobs are in a short chain

< 6 carbons

Short chains are produces where

by GI microbial

Short chains are also called

volatile fatty acids

How many carbons are in medium chain

6-12

What is the source of medium chain

coconut oil

How many crayons are in long chain

13-21

Why are long chains essential

– Essential fatty acids are all long-chain

• i.e. coconut oil is not a source of essential fatty acids

Which fatty acids are essential for dogs

• linoleic acid

• alpha linolenic

  • EPA and HDA

Which fatty acid is not essential fr dogs

arachidonic acid

Which fatty acids are essential for cats

• linoleum acid

• arachidonic acid

  • EPA and DHA

Which fatty acid is not essential for cats

alpha linolenic acid

What is Micelles

approach apical membrane of enterocyte

Monoglycerides & free fatty acids transported into

enterocyte

Chylomicrons are a type of

lipoprotein

Lipoproteins are

a vehicle to traffic fats to/from tissue

Chylomicrons are the

largest & most lipid-dense of the lipoproteins

What aren chylomicrons

how fats from the diet are trafficked from the intestines

What are the fates of post-assimilation fat/lipids

• how they are being trafficed

• how they get distributed

How come short and medium chains can go through the portal vein

since they don’t need to go through chylomcicrons they are small enough to go through the portal vein

Long-chain fatty acids or triglycerides are transported from the

intestines via lymphatics via chylomicrons (+/- VLDL)

What is the matter with the long chain how come its not like the small and long chain

• too large to enter blood capillary (i.e. do not travel via portal vessel)

• Reduces fat load to the liver

Fatty acid sources: in plants

– Leaves – alpha linolenic acid (ALA)

– Grain/seed – linoleic acid (LA), ALA

Fatty acid sources in animals

– Arachidonic acid (AA)

– EPA & DHA (marine only)

– Variable, dependent on animal and diet!

What are sources of lipids?

• Vegetable oils & poultry fat supplies mostly polyunsaturated omega -6 FA

• Mammal fats supply mostly saturated FA

• Fish/marine sources, including algae, supply polyunsaturated omega -3 FA

How can you tell if essential fatty acid intake is adequate?

Skin & coat

What are the deficiency syndrome of fatty acids

– Dry skin, dermatitis, dull haircoat

– Decreased neural and retinal function (during development and growth)

– Decreased growth rate

– Weight loss

– Immunodeficiency

Carbohydrates classification

– Fiber vs. non-fiber

– By molecular structure, specifically number of monosaccharide units (next slide)

– Complexity

– Solubility

– Fermentability

– Viscosity

Carbohydrates are classifed based on

• non-fiber - digestible

  • fiber - indigestible

What are the monosaccharide

• glicose

• fructose

  • galactose

What are the disaccharide

• lactose

• sucrose

• maltose

  • trehalose

What are examples of polysaccharide

starch

What are examples of oligosaccrides

fructooligosacchrides

What are examples of polysaccharide

• cellulose

• pectins/gums/carrageenan - canned

Are cellulose and starch polysaccharides

yes

What do carbohydrates do in non fiber carbohydrate

– Energy (aerobic & anaerobic)

– Euglycemia

– Lactose

– Glycogen

– Glycoproteins

What do carbohydrates do in fiber carbohydrate

– GI health

• Energy for GI microbes

• Motility

• Stool quality & regularity

– Regulate glucose absorption

– Reduce energy density

– Satiety

What’s another function do carbohydrates do

Also, balances protein & fat in the diet

Sources of carbohydrates are

• Grains

• Vegetables

• Fruits

• Whole / modified / purified

• Glycogen (animal)