History Test 2

Triple Entente

Allied Forces: France, England, Russia, until 1917, USA starting in 1917

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungray, Italy until 1915

Causes of WW1

1. German-French National Hostility

2. Race for empires

3. Crisis of Values

4. Serbian National Hostility towards Austria-Hungary

German-French National Hostility

Existed since nepolian. Worsened based of the Franco-Prussian War.

Race For Empires

Started to fight over Africia causing tensions to rise.

Crisis of Societys

Europeans lost their moral compass because of the Scientific Revolution debunking religion. People were uncertain of their future.

Friedrich Nietzgche

Wrote The Happy Science published in 1882. Said “God is dead” and argued that Europeans could no longer tell right from wrong.

Edward Munch

Painted a painting in 1893 called The Scream representing how Europeans were feeling anxious.

Henri Massis and Alfred de Tarde

Wrote a book called The Young People of Today in 1913. Asked French Students about their generation and they said they were bored, lacked a direction, and lacked values. Said a good war needed to bring these things back.

Serbian national hostility against Austria-Hungray

Bosnia-Herzogovina had lots of Serbians and Austria-hungary took it over which made the Serbians mad because they wanted a state with just serbs.

The Unity of Death/Black Hand

Nationalist group that would kill people to bring around change. This group killed Gavrillo Princip who was the heir of Austria-Hungary.

The Schlieffan Plan

Created in 1905 that would quickly win a 2 front war. Russia would take a long time to get mobalized so they would attack France First with their entire army to defeat France in a couple weeks then turn and take on Russia and beat them in a couple months. German Victory.

WW1 start date

August 4th, 1914

How many people died during WW1

10 million men died and 20 million were wounded

Last day of WW1

November 11th, 1918

Who won WW1

The Triple Entant

The Peace of Paris

A bundle of treaties that were based on guildlines from The Fourteen Points.

The Fourteen Points

A book by Woodrow Wilson published in 1918 about how nations needed to be homogenous and nations needed to be democratic.

What were the 7 states Austria-Hungary was broken up into?

Austria, Czechoslokikia, hungary, Poland, and Yukoslavia

Democracy Characteristics

1. universal adult sufferage

2. must have parliments that make the laws

3. have multiparty rules

Authoritianism

Only 1 party has rule but has universal adult sufferage and parliments that make the laws.

Treaty of Versailes

Handled Germany. Changed names to The Weimar Republic and made Germany take full responsibility of WW1, pay reperations, anda reuction in the German military.

King William The Second

Last ruler of Germany and disembarked the monachry on November 9th, 1914 after WW1 to hopefully get easier peace terms. This was not the case

Article 231 (war guilt clause)

An aritcle in The Treaty of Versailes that said Germany had to take full responsibility for WW1.

Reperation Terms for Germany

33 Billion dollars was demanded and it was very high and unpractical. Not possible that Germany could repay this.

John Maynard Keynes

Economist who wrote the book called The Economic Consequences of the Peace in 1919. It said they needed to lower the cost or it would cause economic, social, and political crisis in Germany.

The Reducation of the German Military

At the end of WW1 Germany had 3 million men in their military. It had to be reduced to 100,000. The navy was reduced to 6 ships and 0 submarines.

What piece of land did Germany have to give back to France

Alsace-Lorraine

How long did the Soviet Union last?

1922-1991 or 69 years

Leninism

Seeks to protect worker’s rights and wants a revolution to bring about change. But they believe that humans can change hisory instead of the scientific laws of history. A group of elites would come together and decide when a revolution shoukd take place and how to act.

V.I Lenin

Lived from 1870 to 1924. Wrote a book in 1902 called What is There to be Done. Leader of the Great Russian Revlution in 1917 and created Leninism. He suffered 2 strokes in 1922 and died in 1924.

The Revolutionary Rangauard

The group of political elites that wuld gather and decide when a revolution should take place and how.

Boshevits are also known as

leninists

The Great Russian Revolution

Happened in 1917. On November 6th, 1917 the Soviets took over all communication systems in the country and on November 7th, 1917, the Soviets had control of the entire country.

Nickolas The Second and Alexandra (Tsar and Tsaria)

The King and Queen before the Great Russian Revolution and on March 12th, 1917, they gave up their power because the Russian people lost their cofidence in the roman monarchs.

Nickolas the Second and WW1

Nickolas wanted to run the army but he was horrible at it. There was a lot of coruption that Nickolas the Second could not stop and a lot of Russian men were killed because of this.

Alexandra and WW1

Alexandra was left in charge of the government and was influenced by Rasputin. Rasputin advised her and this led her to helping him make money off of corruption which hurt the economy.

Rasputin

Rasputin was apparently able to sure hemophelia. The only son in the Russian royal family had hemophelia and Alexandra believed that Rasputin could cure her son.

Problems with the temporary government

The people wanted Russia to pull out of the war because it wasn’t their war, wanted the men to go home, and they wanted a stable economy. The temporary goverment would not do it.

The Soviets

A set of ploitical forces that came together and the local level that wanted change in Russia. They followed the ideology of leninism and were very well armed. St. petersburg Soviet was the largest because it was the capital of Rusia.

leon Trosky

(1879-1940) He was the leader of the St. Petersburg soviet. He made sure that he was very well trained and armed in case of a revolution. They were growing rapidly and in the summer of 1917 he believed the time was right for a revolution.

The Soviet Union Type of Government

Had universal male sufferage, a parliment, but only one party rule (the Bolshevik party). This makes it an authoritian government.

When did Russia pull out of WW1

In March of 1918, the Soviet Union sat down with Germany and signed a treaty called Brest-Litovsk.

Civil War in Russia

Started in 1919 and ended in 1920. This was between the Bolsheviks and everyone else who wanted the old regime back. The Bolsheviks won.

The New Economic Policy (N.E.P.)

Lenin created this and said there could be some private property and some new enterprise. This helped the Bolsheviks win some popularity and Lenin thought this would jumpstart the economy.

When did Russia change its name to The Soviet Union?

Lenin changed the name in December of 1922 once he felt very secure over Russia.

Joseph Stalin

Born in 1879 anad died in 1953. Joseph Stalin was elected the leader of The Soviet Union after Lenin died in 1924. He was very good at political manuvering.

What is the first thing Joseph Stalin did once he was elected the leader.

He got rid of the N.E.P. which got rid of provate property. Thu=is made the economy a command economy.

The First Five Year Plan

From 1929 to 1932 adn was declared done after 4 years. This rapidly industaralized the economy which brought sinigificant power to the economy.

The Peasentry

People in Russia who opposed getting rid of private property. 5 million of them died from a famine caused by Stalin. This took place mostly in Ukraine.

The Great Purge

1934-1938. Stalin had leaders of the Bolshuvik party killed or purged to stay in power. This widened to greater society with 10’s of thousands of Bolshuviks being taken to concentration camps / gulags. 20 million people died after WW2 from these Gulags.

Interwar period

time between the World Wars

Ernest Junger

A German vertan who wrote Fire in 1922. He glorified the fighting in WW1 and wrote that war is a great school. Very popular among German veterans.

Adolf Hitler

Born in 1889 and died by suicide in 1945. He wnated to be an architect by was rejected by The Fine Arts school in Vienna. He fought in WW1 and got injured multiple times. He was apart of the veterans who loves fighting. He created the Nazi party and was their leader.

Sigmond Freud

Considered the father of psychoanalysis. He said that most of the time humans are rational but sometimes we are emotional and irrational. He lived in Vienna during the same time as Hitler and Hitler followed his words and used them to gain power.

Karl Lueger

Mayor of Vienna for 13 years who had a lot of power. He was able to hold this position for so long because we would regularily use anti-semetic language to please voters. Hitler watched this and used it during his political career.

The Beer Putsch in Munich in 1923

An event where Hitler tried to overtrow the government using violence. Hilter climbed on tables in the beer hall and claimed the revolution was here but was arrested.

Hitler’s Trial

Hitler was put on trial for treason which was punishable by death. Hitler defended himself in the trial and admitted to wanting to overthrowing the government. But, because the government signed The Treaty of Versailes, it was an act of patriotism not treason. The judges agreed to this and sentanced him to 5 years in prison and could get early release if he had 6 months of good behavior.

Hilter in Jail

Hitler was in jail for 9 months and it was barely jail. Coud do whatever he wanted. Wrote the book Mein-Kampf (Four and One-Half years of Struggle Against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardness). This was like a recording of Hitler talking. Hutler learned that he had to take over the country using one party rule instead of violence.

Hyperinflation of 1923

Germany was printing more money to send to France with the reperation payments. This caused hyperinflation. The Great Depression also happened in the US after the stock market crash. This caused unemployment all over the world.

When did the Nazi party gain control of parliment?

1932. Hitler was named chancellor.

Article 48

This article gave the president special powers. If they declared a national emergency, he could send parliment home and make the laws himself. He could end the freedomof the press and the freedom of asociation. He could also round up and throw anyone in jail that posed a threat to him. BUT this only lasted for a month.

Paul von Hindenburg

1847 to 1934. He was the president of The Weimar Republic. Got relected multiple times because he was a general in WW1. Used his pwer to select Hitler as a chancellor.

When was Adolf Hitler elcted chancellor?

January of 1933.

The Reichstag Fire Decree

A fire broke out into the building and it burned to the ground. Hitler declared that a communist burned it and convinced Hindenburg to invoke Article 48. This caused communists and socialists to be thrown in concentration camps.

The Enabling Act (Law For the Termination of the Suffering of the People)

Passed on March 23rd, 1933 with a new parliment mostly consisting of Nazis. This established single party rule and gave Hitler the sole power of making the laws without parliment.

The Law Against the Formation Against Parties

Passed on July 13th, 1933. All other political parties ae illegal.

Fuhrer (Leader)

The position that Hitler had that combined the presidental powers and the chancellors powers once Hindenburg died on August 1st, 1934.

Start dates of WW2

1939-1945

Nazi-Soviet Pact

On August 23rd, 1939, Germnay and Russia agreed to fight together if a war broke out and also said they would both invade Poland.

When did Germany and and Russia invade Poland

September 1st, 1939

Volksgemenshaft (community of the people)

Hitlers ideal volksgemenshaft was the arayan race and they had to be loyal to Germany.

Aryan Race

Blond Hair, Blue Eyes, and a tall stature.

Arthur de Gobineau

Wrote InEquality of the Human Races in 1855. He was as french diplomat who traveled around the world and said there are 3 races. White, black, and yellow. The white race was superior and he didn’t like racial mixing.

Nazi Racial Science (Scientific Racism)

Used the idea of Arthur de Gobineau but took it further. There were measurements to see how “pure” of an aryan you were. They wanted no racial mixing and Jews were in their own race and they were they most dangerous.

Nazi Cultural Policy

In March of 1933, Hitler announced a new ministry called The Reich Ministryof Propaganda and Popular Enlightenment directed by Joseph Goebbeis. His job was to make sure that all sultural expressions were aligned with the Nazi party.

The First Nazi Burning

Happened in Berlin in 1933. This is were young buys would go into librarys and get books written by jews, communists, and socialists then burn them since they didn’t represnet that Nazi party.

What was Degenerate Art

modern abstract art

What is New German Art

naturalistic art

Exibition of Degenerate Art

Created in July of 1938 in Munich. This is where people could come see he degenerate art and teahc them to hate that kind of art. Problem was Germans loved that kind of art and would stand in lines hours long to see this exibit. Proves that Nazi’s failed to have complete power over the German people.

Jazz music and Swing Music and the Nazi party

This type of music was played by inferior races and therefore was made illegal. Groups like The Edelweiss Pirates and The Swing Youth would come together and listen to this type of music illegally. Some leaders were killed to try and stop the groups from meeting but the Nazis were unsuccessful.

bribery through the stomach

Policy that aims to buy germans loyalty by making consumer goods avilable. Better food and refriderators and cars were gifts to loyal Germans.

The Volkswagon

The car that the germans made to give to loyal Germans. This was a low cost car but many people didn’t recieve one because the factories that made these cars were transformed into factories to build tanks.

1st Period of the Persecution of the Jews

After Hitler was elected Chancellor, the Nazi’s put pressure on Jewish businesses. In 1933 and 1934, Hitler passed laws prohibiting Jews from becoming doctors, lawyers, teachers at all levels, and government officals.

When did the Nazi’s start to boycot Jewih Businesses?

April 1st, 1933. But this failed because Hitler and the Germans did not support it.

2nd period of the persecution of the Jews (The Reich Citizenship Law)

Announced on September 15th, 1935 and distinguished citizens of Germany and subjects of Germany. Citizens could vote, had public offices, and legal protections. Subjects didn’t have any of those and Jews were identified as subjects. Also said that in order to be a citizen, you had to prove that you didn’t have Jewish parents or grandparents. If you couldn’r prove that then you were a Jew.

The 3rd Period of the Persecution of Jews

Jews were put in concentration camps and started to have specific ID cards. In 1939 Jews were forced to wear a yellow star on their clothing. WW2 started. Jews started to be killed during this period

Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)

Happened on November 9th, 1938. This is where jewish businesses and Synogoyges were destroyed and burned down. 100 Jews were killed and 30,000 jews were sent to concentration camps.

concentration camps

Holding camps for peple who the Nazi’s didn’t like.

Extermination camps

Camps where people were killed but didn’t start until 1942.

Reinhard Heydrich

High ranking Nazi offical who was in charge of putting Jews in ghettos. This first started on Spetmeber 21st, 1939. After Germany invaded Russia there were more Jews that needed rounding up so he ordered the Nazi Special Forces to start shooting the Jews. They killed roughly 1.2 million Jews. no one was spared.

What was the largest Ghetto called?

Warshaw Ghetto and construction started in 1940. It was very overpopulated and had very little food. Lots of Jews ded because of this.

The Madascar Plan

1940. The plan was to ship all the Jews to the island of Madascar. But Great Britain controlled the seas which didn’t make the plan viable.

Operation Barbossa

Happened on June 22nd, 1941. Germany attacked the Soviet Union. Germany sent 4 million troops to the front.

Babi Yar

near Kiev Ukraine and this was a 2 day period from September 29th-30th that killed 200,000 jews.