Unit 1 AP BIO

Cohesion

Water molecules sticking to each other.

Adhesion

Water molecules sticking to other surfaces.

Capillary action

Liquid flowing in narrow spaces without gravity.

Surface tension

The surface of liquid acting like an elastic sheet due to cohesion.

Polarity

Water is a polar molecule with partial positive (hydrogen) and negative (oxygen) charges.

Hydrogen bonding

The attraction between the partial positive hydrogen of one water molecule and the partial negative oxygen of another.

Specific Heat Capacity

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by {1^{\circ}C}.

Heat of Vaporization

The energy required to change a liquid into a gas.

Dehydration synthesis

Joins monomers by removing a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

Breaks down polymers by adding a water molecule.

Monomer

A single unit that can bond with identical or similar units to form a polymer.

Polymer

A large molecule composed of many repeated monomer subunits.

Nucleotide

The monomer of nucleic acids.

DNA vs. RNA

DNA is double-stranded with deoxyribose and thymine; RNA is single-stranded with ribose and uracil.

Deoxyribose

The five-carbon sugar found in DNA.

Ribose

The five-carbon sugar found in RNA.

Nitrogenous Base

A nitrogen-containing molecule that makes up part of a nucleotide (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil).

Peptide bonding

Bonds between amino acids formed by dehydration synthesis.

Amino Acid

The monomer of proteins.

Polypeptide

A polymer chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Protein

Macromolecules essential for structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.

Primary structure

The sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Secondary structure

Local folded structures (e.g., \alpha -helix and \beta -sheet) that form within a polypeptide.

Tertiary structure

The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain.

Quaternary structure

The arrangement of multiple folded polypeptide chains in a protein.

Hydrophobic

Nonpolar substances that repel water.