AP Biology Test

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Endosymbiotic Theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts share a double membrane, DNA, and ribosomes

Protein trafficking

1. Protein synthesis on ribosomes on the ER

2. Transferred to the ER lumen or the ER membrane

3. Into Golgi by vesicles

4. Transported into vesicles for either secretion, the plasma membrane, lysosomes, or other organelles

5. Exocytosis

Structure of cell membrane

Phospholipids

1. Heads: hydrophilic

2. Tails: hydrophobic

Simple diffusion

no transport protein required

Facilitated diffusion

Transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane, either a carrier or a channel

Active Transport

moves substances against their concentration gradients.  requires energy, usually in the form of ATP.  Uses a pump

Sodium-potassium pump

Three sodium in and two potassium out - primary functions are to maintain the electrochemical gradients across the plasma membrane

Osmosis

the passive movement of water molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration across a semipermeable membrane, aiming to equalize concentrations on both sides

What direction does salt/other things like that move

Areas of high concentration to low concentration

What direction does water move

Hypo to hyper

Cytoplasm

Interior of the cell; in eukaryotic cell, it refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

Plasma membrane

Selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service entire cell

nucleus

Contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell

Nuclear envelope

encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm. It is a double membrane

Chromosomes

In the nucleus, carry the genetic information. Contains one long DNA molecule associated with many proteins, including histones

Nucleolus

site of rRNA synthesis

Ribosomes

complexes made of small r big rna and protein. They carry out protein synthesis. They are NOT organelles.

Endomembrane system

carries out protein synthesis transport of proteins, metabolism, and lipid movement, and detoxification of poisons

Vesicles

sacs made of membrane

ER

extensive network of membranes, separate (membrane internal)

Smooth ER

Outer surface, lacks ribosomes

Synthesizes lipids

Metabolizes carbohydrates

Detoxifies drugs and poisons

Stores calcium ions

Rough ER

studded with ribosomes

Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates)

Distributes transport vesicles, proteins surrounded by membranes

Is a membrane factory for the cell

Golgi Apparatus

shipping and receiving center

Modifies products of the ER

Manufactures certain macromolecules

Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

lysosome

hydrolytic enzymes that eukaryotic cells we need to digest macromolecules

Vacuoles

Vesicles derived from ER and GA

Central vacuole

mature plant cells, developed by smaller vacuoles

mitochondria

site of cell respiration, uses oxygen to drive ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, etc

chloroplasts

site of photosynthesis

cristae

inner membrane infoldings

mitochondrial matrix

contains enzymes and DNA and ribosomes

thylakoids

inside, flat, interconnected sacs

granum

thylakoid stacks

stroma

fluid outside thylakoid, containing chloroplast DNA and ribosomes

phagocytosis

cells engulf another cell; forms a food vacuole

what things do plants have that animals don’t

Cell wall

Chloroplasts

large central vacuole

What things do animals have that plants don’t

lysosomes

centrioles

flagella

Basic features of all cells

1. plasma membrane

2. cytosol

3. chromosomes

4. ribosomes

Nucleus and ribosomes

genetic control of the cell

endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes

manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of molecules.

Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells

energy processing

cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and cell wall

Structural support, movement, and communication between cells

Components of endomembrane system

Nuclear envelope

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

Vacuoles

Plasma membrane

Selective permeability

allowing some substances to pass through easier than others

Integral proteins

penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer

Peripheral proteins

loosely bound to the surface of the membrane

aquaporins

facilitate the passage of water