Toxicology - Others Foreign Language

Anthrax

Caused by Bacillus Anthracis

Anthrax

Gram (-) spore-forming bacillus found in soil

Plague

Caused by Yersinia Pestis

Plague

Gram (+) bacillus

Tularemia

Zoonotic disease spread by bloodsucking arthropods or by direct contact with infected animal material

Tularemia

Occurs in humans in ulceroglandular or typhoidal forms

Brucellosis

Caused by Brucella (Brucella melitensis, abortus, suis, & canis)

Q fever

Self-limited febrile, zoonotic disease

Smallpox

Caused by variola virus, a large DNA orthopoxvirus

Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

Ribavirin is the mainstay of therapy

Staphylococcal Enterotoxins

Caused by Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcal Enterotoxins

Recognized as a superantigen because of its profound activation of the immune system upon exposure, even to minute quantities

Trichothecene Mycotoxins

Are low-molecular-weight (250-500 daltons)

Trichothecene Mycotoxins

Nonvolatile compounds produced by filamentous fungi (molds) of various genera, including:

Trichothecene Mycotoxins examples include

Fusarium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Stachybotrys

Algicides

Targets algae

Biocides

Targets microorganisms

Fungicides

Targets fungi (blights, molds, mildew, rusts)

Fumigants

Targets pests in buildings or soil

Herbicides

Targets weeds

Insecticides

Targets insects & other arthropods

Miticides/Acaricides

Targets mites/ticks

Molluscicides

Targets snails/slugs

Nematicides

Targets nematodes (worm-like organisms)

Ovicides

Targets eggs of insects & mites

Pheromones

Disrupt the mating behavior of insects

Rodenticides

Targets mice & other rodents

Defoliants

Cause leaves or other foliage to drop from plants

Desiccants

Promote drying in living tissue

Absinthe

Found in wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)

Absinthe

Chronic use causes absinthism, which is characterized by psychosis, hallucinations, intellectual deterioration, & seizures

Ephedra

Contains alkaloid ephedrine & in some species, pseudoephedrine

Arecoline

Found in Betel Nut (Areca catechu)

Arecoline

May cause exacerbation of bronchospasm in asthmatic individuals

Essential oils

A class of aromatic hydrocarbons extracted through steam distillation or solid pressing from leaves, flowers, bark, wood, fruit, or peel of a single parent plant

Absinthe

An emerald green liqueur made from the extract of the wormwood plant

Camphor

Belongs to terpene family & causes Central Nervous System toxicity

Camphor

Extracted from an evergreen tree in the Laurel family, Cinnamomum camphora

Clove

Contains Eugenol, a phenol

Eucalyptus

Contains up to 70% of eucalyptol, a monocyclic terpene compound with an ether bridge between carbons 1 & 8

Nutmeg

Has been used as an abortifacient & abused as a hallucinogen

Pennyroyal

Extracted from the fruit of the evergreen tree Myristica fragrans

Pennyroyal

Contains Mentha pulegium

Pine oil

Formed from wood of pine trees

Wintergreen

Gaultheria procumbens, a fragrant ground cover plant

Wintergreen

Relieves symptoms of rheumatism

Animal Poison

Referred to the venom from poisonous animals

Animal Poison

Includes the venom of snakes, toads, salamanders, jellyfish, stingrays, and sea hares

Aconitum species

aconite, monkshood

Cicuta maculata

bogbean

Digitalis purpurea:

foxglove

Mandragora officinarum:

mandrake

Papaver somniferum:

opium poppy

Veratrum album:

hellebore

Vegetable Poison

Hemlock → Employed in the execution of Socrates

Carbon Monoxide

Combines readily with hemoglobin (Hb) to form carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), thus preventing the transfer of oxygen to tissues

Sulfur Oxide

Common component of polluted air

Nitrogen Oxide

A gas found in photochemical smog, is also a pulmonary irritant & is known to lead to pulmonary edema & hemorrhagic effects

Ozone

A highly irritating & oxidizing gas that is formed by photochemical action by UV light on nitrogen dioxide in smog

Tropospheric Ozone

Occurs from 0 to 10 miles above the Earth's surface

Tropospheric Ozone

Is harmful (bad ozone)

Stratospheric Ozone

Located about 30 miles above the Earth's surface

Stratospheric Ozone

Responsible for filtering out incoming UV radiation & thus is beneficial

Stratospheric Ozone

Good ozone

Lead

One of the most familiar particulates in air pollution

Pyrethrin

Compounds present in flowers of the chrysanthemum, Pyrethrum cinerariifolium

Rotenone

Compound or active ingredient found in Derris plant species (D. elliptica & Lonchocarpus spp.)

Rotenone

Used by Chinese & South American natives as fish poison

Paris Green

Mixture of copper & arsenic

Bordeaux Mixture

Combination of lime & copper sulfate

Petroleum Oils

Control scale insects & red spider mites

DDT

Chlorinated Hydrocarbon insecticides

Red Squill

From the bulbs of red squill, Urginea (Scilla) maritima, for controlling rodents

Atrazine

Triazine herbicides

Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP)

Caused by domoic acid

Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP)

Produced by Pseudonitzschia diatoms

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)

Caused by saxitoxin

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)

Produced by Alexandrium dinoflagellates

Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP)

Caused by brevetoxin

Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP)

Produced by dinoflagellate Karenia brevis

Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP)

Aka Gymnodinium breve

Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP)

Caused by a red tide producer

Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP)

Caused by okadaic acid

Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP)

Produced by Dinophysis dinoflagellates

Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP)

Caused by ciguatoxin

Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP)

Produced by dinoflagellates including Gambierdiscus, Prorocentrum, & Ostreopsis

Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP)

Caused by ciguatoxin

Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP)

Produced by dinoflagellates including Gambierdiscus, Prorocentrum, & Ostreopsis

Ambush Predator (Pfiesteria piscicida & Toxins)

Believed to produce toxin that has been implicated in several large fish kills & is suspect in causing adverse human health effects (toxins are not yet identified)

Complex Toxin (Pfiesteria piscicida)

Produced by dinoflagellates including Pfiesteria piscicida, Pfiesteria shumwayae

Monocrotaline

Found in the leaves & seeds of the plant Crotalaria spectabilis, has been the most extensively studied of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid

Ipomeanol

One of the best-known examples of a toxic compound being activated in the lung

Ipomeanol

Naturally occurring furan is produced by the mold Fusarium solani that infects sweet potatoes

Paraquat

Reduced by cytochrome P450 reductase & NADPH

Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Bacteria) Toxins

Produced by cyanobacteria including Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Nodularia, Oscillatoria, & Microcystis

Parathion

One of the several organophosphorus insecticides

Vinyl Chloride

A second example of suicide inhibitors

Methanol

Not responsible for toxic effects but is rapidly metabolized in humans by alcohol dehydrogenase to formaldehyde

Methanol

Formaldehyde is subsequently metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase to form the highly toxic formic acid

Aflatoxin B1

One of the mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus & A. parasiticus