Hole's Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 2: Chemistry

Isotopes

-atom with the same atomic numbers but with different atomic weights

-atoms with the same number of protons and electrons * but a different number of neutrons*

Ion

-an atom that gains or loses electrons to become stable

-an electrically charged atom

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Covalent Bonds

formed when atoms share electrons

Polar molecules

-molecules with a slightly negative end and slightly positive end

-Result when electrons are not shared equally in covalent bonds

pH scale

indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution

Acidic

pH less than 7, indicates a greater concentration of H+

Basic or alkaline

pH greater than 7, indicates a greater concentration of OH-

Buffers

homeostatic mechanisms help regulate pH

-chemicals which act to resist pH changes

Organic molecules

-contain C (carbon) and H (hydrogen)

-usually larger than inorganic molecules

-dissolve in water and organic liquids

-carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,and nucleic acids

Inorganic molecules

-generally do not contain C (carbon) and H (hydrogen)

-usually smaller than organic molecules

-usually dissociate in water, forming ions

-water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inorganic salts

Water

-most abundant compound in living material

-2/3 of the weight of an adult human

-major component of all body fluid

-medium for most metabolic reactions

-important role in transporting chemicals in the body

-absorbs and transport heat

Oxygen (O2)

-used by organelles to release energy from nutrients in order to drive cell's metabolic activities

-Necessary for survival

Sources of neccessary ions

(Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, )

bio- (biochemistry)

life

di- (dissacharide)

two

lip- (lipids)

fat

mono- (monosaccharide)

one

poly- (polysaccharide)

many

sacchar- (monosaccharide)

sugar

Biochemistry

chemistry of living organisms

carbohydrates

-provide energy to cells

-supply materials to build cell structure

-water-soluble

Carbohydrates contain

C (carbon) H (hydrogen) and O (oxygen)

Three categories of CHOs

-monosaccharides

-disaccharides

-polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

glucose

fructose

Disaccharides

sucrose

lactose

Polysaccharides

glycogen (animals)

starch (plants)

cellulose

Fats (triglycerides)

used primarily for energy

-most common lipid in the body

Phosholipid have

hydrophilic end and hydrophobic end

Major component of cell membranes

phospholipids

Proteins functions/uses

-structural material

-energy source

-hormones

-receptors

-enzymes

-antibodies

amino acids

Protein building blocks are _____

Peptide bonds

amino acids held together

Proteins are

complex three dimensional shapes

-shape activates and determines function

Protein misfolding can cause disease

-cystic fibrosis

-spongiform encephalopathies

-mad cow (disease)

-alzheimer disease

Nucleic acids

encode amino acids sequences of proteins

-DNA

-RNA

nucletiodes

building blocks of nucleic acids

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

double polynucleotide

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

single polynucleotide