Lab 7 and 8

the heart is located within the...

mediastinum

mediastinum

the central division of the thoracic cavity between the pleural cavities, which contain the lungs. Also contains the thymus, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, and great vessels of the heart.

the heart is immediately surrounded by the...

pericardial cavity

pericardial cavity

thin fluid-filled cavity that ensures a low friction environment for the movements of the heart

systemic circuit

delivering blood to the general capillaries of the body

pulmonary circuit

delivers blood only to the lungs for oxygenation and release of carbon dioxide.

ventilation

transport air into and out of the alveoli (where gas exchange occurs)

secondary functions of respiratory system (2)

phonation (vocalization) and acid-base balance of the blood

2 smaller chambers of heart

atria (atrium)

2 larger chambers of heart

ventricles

each atrium is composed of a principal cavity and a small appendage known as the ...

auricle

the right atrium receives blood from the

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

left atrium receives blood from

right and left pulmonary veins

right ventricle pumps blood to the

pulmonary trunk

left ventricle pumps blood to

aorta

pig hearts

used to be a replacement for valves.
size and availability advantages

pig's 4 pulmonary valves unite before entering the atrium (single pulmonary vein)

blood pathway through the heart

right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary trunk --> capillaries of the lung --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta --> systemic capillaries --> superior/inferior vena cava

epicardium

thin membrane that covers the heart

myocardium

most of the heart's wall is thick and muscular

endocardium

lines the chambers of the heart

the coronary arteries supply blood to the

myocardium

the right and left coronary arteries branch off of the

aorta

coronary sinus

large vein that collects venous blood from the myocardium (returns blood to the right atria)

pectinate

muscular ridges on the internal wall of the auricles of the atria

trabelculae carneae

(meat beams) large muscular ridges of the ventricles

the chambers of the heart are divided from one another by

septa

foramen ovale

one location where there is a passageway b/w 2 adjacent chambers. This is found only in the embryonic and fetal heart.
At the time of birth this passageway from the right and left atrium closes, leaving a shallow depression called the fossa ovalis.

foramen ovale becomes .... at time of birth

fossa ovalis (best seen in the right atrium within the interatrialseptum

.... valve separates the atrium and ventricle on each side of the heart

atrioventricular valve

tricuspid valve

right atrioventricular valve

bicuspid valve

left atrioventricular valve

AV valve =

mitral valve

chord tendineae

small cords anchor the cusps to the walls of the ventricle to ensure that back flow of blood into the atria does not occur

papillary muscles

small fingerlike projections that hold the chord tendineae in place. Their contraction prevents prolapse of the valve into the atrium

.... valve, closed during ventricular contraction

AV valve

the aorta and pulmonary trunk are separated from their respective ventricles by a ...

semilunar valve

semilunar valves prevent....

prevent backflow of high-pressure blood from the arterial system into the relaxing ventricles

ostia

(openings) of the coronary blood vessels are found just above the aortic semilunar valve at the base of the aorta

the coronary blood vessels are found just above the...

aortic semilunar valve at the base of the aorta

.... distributes oxygenated blood to the entire body

aorta

at the base of the aorta, the ........ are the first to leave

right and left coronary arteries

three larger branches of the aortic arch

brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

brachiocephalic artery named for its supply to the arm and head later divides into the ... and the ...

right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery

The aorta descends into the ....

thoracic cavity

In the thoracic cavity the aorta is called...

the descending (or thoracic) aorta

After the thoracic aorta passes through the diaphragm, it is called the ...

abdominal aorta

the abdominal aorta descends along the...

lumbar vertebrae

Abdominal aorta gives off several arteries (4)

celiac trunk, mesenteric arteries, renal arteries, testicular/ovarian arteries

the abdominal aorta bifurcates, forming the ...

common iliac arteries

Common iliac arteries =

internal iliac and external iliac (supply blood to the pelvis and lower limb)

the external iliac artery becomes the ... as it passes beneath the inguinal ligament and enters the thigh.

femoral artery

the left and right brachiocephalic veins combine to form the ....

superior vena cava

Each brachiocephalic vein is formed by the merging of ...

a subclavian vein (from the arm) and an internal jugular vein (from the brain)

the superior vena cava receives deoxygenated blood from ...

thorax, head, and upper limbs

conducting division

portion of the respiratory system that functions to transmit air to and from the alveoli. (does not participate in respiration) Ventilation.

during inspiration air enters the nasal cavity through the..... (2)

external nares (saris) and vestibule

nasal septum

separate the two nasal cavities

hard palate

made from the maxillary and palatine bones separates the nasal and oral cavities.

In the nasal cavity air is....

heated and humidified by its contact with the mucosa.

mucosa

mucus-covered lining epithelium of the respiratory system

nasal conchea

three small bony projections on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. Maximize the SA of mucosa exposed to the air.

paranasal sinuses

air filled chambers surrounding the nasal cavity

(4) nasal sinuses

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary sinuses

sinusitis

inflammation of nasal sinuses, and the accumulation of mucus is responsible for the associated pain.

Sinuses function to....

reduce the weight of the skull

choanae

end of the nasal cavities, location where the nasal septum and hard palate terminate posteriorly

three regions of the pharynx

nasopharynx --> oropharynx --> laryngopharynx

the nasopharynx contains the opening to the...

auditory (Eustachian) tube

auditory (Eustachian) tube

a passageway that allows a connection to the middle ear cavity

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)

tonsil located in the nasopharynx

The oropharynx has two lateral ... tonsils

palatine tonsils

.... stands between the trachea and the pharynx

larynx

epiglottis

serves as a valve to cover the superior opening of the larynx, to prevent food and water from entering the lower respiratory passages

Adam's apple

large thyroid cartilage

two cartilages that form the skeleton of the larynx...

thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage

cricoid cartilage

supports the inferior portion of the larynx and completely surrounds the larynx

thyroid cartilage only present on the ....

anterior and lateral aspects of the larynx

lying under the laryngeal mucosa on each side of the larynx are ...

vocal ligaments

vocal folds (true vocal cords)

foods of mucosal linking that cover the vocal ligaments.

vocal folds are positioned by a pair of triangular-shaped ..... and several small muscles

arytenoid cartilages

glottis

hole formed b/w the two vocal folds

production of sounds involves ....

- the release of expelled air
- the opening and closing of the glottic
(as air is expelled, the vocal folds vibrate and produce sounds)

valsalva's maneuver

vocal folds are held together to prevent the passage of air for the purpose of increasing intra-abdominal pressure
used in coughing, forceful urination and defecation, and in childbirth

the right lung has ... lobes

3

the left lung has ... lobes

2

visceral pleura

outermost covering of the lungs

when looking at the medial surface of the lungs, the entrance of the .... can be seen

primary bronchus (sometimes it will have already branched into 2/3 secondary bronchi.)
pulmonary arteries and veins are also visible

tracheal rings serve to....

hold the airway open, preventing collapse during inspiration

As the airways continue to branch, the amount of cartilage ______, and the amount of smooth muscle ______.

diminishes, increases

bronchial tree consists of the....

trachea, primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi.

the two primary bronchi enter.....

the lungs

the secondary bronchi enter ....

each lobe of the lungs (2 in LL, 3 in RL)

tertiary (segmental) bronchi enter the ...

bronchopulmonary segments that form functional units of the lung

beyond the tertiary bronchi, the airways are termed ____ until the end of the conducting division, the _______.

bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

The alveoli themselves comprise the....

respiratory division (these structures and their associated capillaries constitute the vast majority of lung tissue)

relaxed breathing

contraction of the diaphragm is sufficient to ventilate the lungs

diaphragm innervated by ...... branches of which comprise the ______

C#-C5 spinal nerves (keep the diaphragm alive)
phrenic nerves

The precursors to the diaphragm's muscle cells began life in the neck of the embryo, explaining the otherwise strange innervation of a structure eat the abdomen. When the diaphragm is irritated, pain is ofter felt in the ....... at ....

neck at dermatomes C3-C5

diagram's contraction ___ the volume of the thoracic cavity and _____ its pressure relative to atmospheric pressure, which ______

increases
lowers
draws air into the lungs

elastic record of the lungs and thoracic cage are responsible for ....

expiration