Auburn University COMM 1000: Public Speaking Final Exam Study Guide

linear model of communication

theory that views communication as a one-way process in which a source conveys an encoded message through a channel to a receiver, who then decodes that message

source

the person responsible for inventing the idea on which he or she intends to speak and crafting that idea to an audience

encoding

taking an abstract notion and providing it meaning through the application of symbols

message

the content or idea that the source tries to convey to the audience

channel

the medium through which an encoded message is transmitted from a source to a receiver

receiver

the person or audience that a message is being transmitted to

decoding

the process of drawing meaning from the symbols that were used to encode a message

noise

anything that can change the message after the source encodes and sends it

physical noise examples

other sounds, visual barriers, poor volume and projection, distraction in the room, hunger, tiredness, and other bodily limitations

psychological noise examples

Preoccupation with other thoughts, emotional reaction to the topic, prejudice or ill will towards the speaker, unwillingness to listen, resistance to the message.

interactive model of communication

communication theory that views communication as a two-way process that includes feedback and the environment

feedback

the receiver's response to a message that is sent to the sender

environment

the context in which the communication process takes place

environmental elements

beliefs, context, history, participants, relationships, physical setting, values

transactional model of communication

the theory that views communication as a constant process in which all parties simultaneously play the roles of sender and receiver

similarities in conversation and speech

Audience-centered, attention to feedback, goal-driven, logic is required, stories for effect.

differences in conversation and speech

language choices, speeches require more organization, use of notes, no interruptions, delivery style, physical arrangement

3 public speaking myths

Public speaking is a talent not a skill, speech is easy we do it all the time, there is no right way to deliver a speech

phobia

a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads to a compelling desire to avoid

communication apprehension

the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others

self-fulfilling prophecy

convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, thus leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected

physical effects of communication apprehension

Rise in blood pressure/face flushing red, shortness of breath, galvanic skin tightening, perspiration.

systematic desensitization

the process whereby a person is slowly introduced to a fear such that each time he or she overcomes the fear the intensity is decreased

ethics

involve morals and the specific moral choices to be made by a person

ethics of choosing a topic

speakers must choose topics and messages they firmly believe are in the best interests of their audience

Plagiarism

taking the intellectual achievements of another person and presenting them as one's own

global plagiarism

taking an entire piece of work and saying that it is your own

incremental plagiarism

using part of someone else's work and not citing it as a source

patchwork plagiarism

taking ideas from more than one piece of work and putting them together into a new piece of work, and then presenting them as original work without giving due credit to the sources

patchworking

taking original source material and changing a few words in it, but not enough to consider it a paraphrase, all the while not citing the original source material

ethics of language and delivery

Maintain composure, describe people with respect, avoid profanity, balance simplicity and complexity, balance emotion and logic.

rules for civility

pay attention, speak kindly, don't speak ill of others, assert yourself, don't shift responsibility and blame, respect others' opinions, listen, mind your body, respect other people's time, acknowledge others

ethics as an audience member

Keep an open mind, do not heckle, pay attention.

culture

the distinctive ideas, customs, social behavior, products, or way of life of a particular nation, society, people, or period

co-culture

groups that are impacted by a variety of smaller specific cultures that intersect in our lives

low-context cultures

the language used in an interaction, in which very little emphasis is placed on the nonverbal communication, environment, and situation

high-context cultures

language in which a great deal of meaning is derived from the nonverbal expressions, environment, and situation in which the communication is taking place, and less emphasis is placed on the words

race

a set of physical characteristics shared by a group of people, such as skin color, body type, facial structure, and hair color

ethnicity

a group of people who identify with each other based on a common experience, which might include geographic or national origin, ancestry, history, cultural and social norms, religion, race, language, ideology, food, dress, or other factors

sex

refers to one's biological classification as male, female, or intersex based on one's reproductive organs and chromosomes

gender

a social construction that includes the all of the beliefs, attitudes, actions and roles associated with being masculine or feminine

sexual orientation

the sex and gender to whom a person is romantically and sexually attracted to

ideology

set of ideas, beliefs, and ideals that form our worldview and provide a basis for action

3 ways to understand, acknowledge, and appreciate diversity

make the message accessible, don't highlight the differences in others, avoid "ist" language

dialogue

speaking in a way that encourages others to listen and listening in a way that encourages others to speak

ethnocentric

believing your group's perspective is the only correct one and thus judging others based on their conformity to your way of doing things

general purpose statement

a brief statement representing what you aim to do with the speech; there are three types

brainstorm

to create a list of possible topics and keep adding to this list as you think of new ideas

concept map

also known as a mind map, is a visual representation of the potential areas that you could cover in your speech

specific purpose statement

a narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience will take away from the speech

bias

An unfair preference for or dislike of something

5 characteristics of information literacy

1. Know why you want certain information for the speech

2. Know where to get the information you seek

3. Know how to assess the quality of the information you have found

4. Create new knowledge

5. Be accountable for your use of information

3 types of information

background, unique, evidentiary

places to research

libraries, internet, people

Boolean operator

using words such as "and", "but", and "or" when typing in search terms to focus the results

least to most credible web domains

net, org, com, edu, gov

demographics

categories of definable characteristics of groups of people, such as age, race, religion, socioeconomic status, education level, and sexual orientation

strategies for gaining audience interest

Make eye contact, vary tone/pitch/pace, use gestures to make a point, use pauses effectively, refer to someone in the crown, involve your audience.

tendencies that lose audience interest

Poor delivery skills, not varying tone/pitch/pace throughout speech, reading your speech, talking about things that are not relevant to your audience.

signals of audience engagement

Head nods, smiles, raised eyebrows, clapping/cheering, eye contact.

Signals of audience disengagement

Shifting in seats, talking to neighbors, reading, sleeping, leaving the room, looking at watches or phones.

real example

an example that is factual

hypothetical example

an example that makes a very quick point and can be effective at any point in the speech

extended example

an example that takes time; the importance lies in the details

statistics

numbers that summarize and organize sets of numbers to make them easier to understand or visualize

measures of central tendency

statistics that indicate where the middle of a distribution lies, including the mean, median, and mode

mean

the average of all of the scores in a distribution, which is calculated by adding all of the scores and then dividing by the total number of scores

median

the middle number in a distribution of numbers

mode

the score that appears most often in a distribution of numbers

standard deviation

a measure of variability that indicates how spread apart the numbers are in a distribution

testimony

using the words of other people as evidence

expert testimony

testimony from someone who has conducted extensive research on the topic, has significant experience with the topic, or holds a position that lends credibility to his or her ideas on the subject matter

peer testimony

testimony from someone who is in the same peer group as the audience, but who is not necessarily an expert on the topic

guidelines for using supporting materials

-be sure to have balance between your types of supporting materials

-only use supporting materials relevant to your topic and argument

-make sure you stay focused when using examples

-choose the type of testimony to use based upon the goal you are trying to achieve

-use supporting materials ethically

subordination

process of creating a hierarchy of ideas in which the most general ideas appear first, followed by more specific ideas

coordination

all information on the same level has the same significance

division

principle that if a point is divided into subpoints, there must be two or more subpoints

Structure of the Introduction

-get the audience's attention

-clearly state the relevance of your topic

-establish your credibility

-state your argument

-preview main points

-transition to the body

thesis

a carefully worded one-sentence summary of exactly what you will cover in your speech

transition

connective statements that signal you are finished with one point and moving on to another

internal summary

a statement that summarizes what you already have covered and precedes transitions

signposts

key words that signal to the audience that you are moving from one part of the speech to another

internal preview

serves as an outline of what is to come next in a speech and is often combined with transition statements

structuring the conclusion

signal the conclusion, provide a summary, memorable closer

clincher

the final statement of your speech

deductive reasoning

an argument that reasons from known premises to an inevitable conclusion

categorical syllogism

a syllogism in which the argument is based on membership in a group

Disjunctive Syllogism

a syllogism in which the major premise includes two or more mutually exclusive alternatives

conditional syllogism

a syllogism in which the major premise contains a hypothetical condition and its outcome

inductive reasoning

an argument that comes to a probable, instead of an absolute, conclusion

reasoning by cause

arguments that claim one event or factor produces an effect

necessary cause

a cause that must be present for an effect to happen

sufficient cause

a cause that can produce the effect in question

reasoning by example

the process of inferring general conclusions and making general claims from specific cases

reasoning by analogy

when you compare two similar cases in order to argue that what is true in one case is also true in the other

literal analogy

when the two cases being compared are classified the same way

figurative analogy

when the two cases being compared are from completely different classifications

reasoning by sign

occurs when the presence of one thing indicates the presence of another

ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

Ad Vericundium (Appeal to Authority)

a fallacy that asserts that positional authority makes someone's argument correct and accurate