Random NREMT

Wheezing

Bronchoconstriction

Causes of Wheezing

• Asthma 

• Emphysema

• Pneumonia

• Congestive heart failure

Ronchi

Thick fluid/mucus (sounds underwater)

Causes of Crackles/Rales

• Congestive heart failure

• Emphysema

• Pneumonia

• Pulmonary edema

Causes of Ronchi

• Emphysema

• Pneumonia

• Aspirate

Crackles/Rales

Fluid in the alveoli (sounds like bubbling or crackling)

Stridor

Upper airway constriction (sounds high pitched)

Causes of Stridor

• Anaphylaxis

• Crop

• Foreign body airway obstruction

Tidal Volume

he amount of air that moves into or out of the lungs during a single, normal respiratory cycle at rest

Respiratory Distress

• Breathing = Labored

• Rate/Tidal Volume = Adequate

• PT is compensating

• Give O2 (if <94%)

• Consider CPAP/bronchodilator

Respiratory Failure

• Severe distress

• Rate/Tidal Volume = inadequate

• Will deteriorate to preparatory arrest 

• Assisted ventilations with BVM

• Give O2

• Consider CPAP/bronchodilator and request ALS

Respiratory Arrest

• Agonal or apneic 

• Leads to cardiac arrest within minutes 

• BVM ventilations with high flow O2

Biot’s respiration

Abnormal and highly irregular breathing pattern. With shallow breaths at equal depth, interrupted by random periods of apnea

Kusmauis respirations

Deep rapid and labored breathing patterns, common with diabetics (if they have fruity breath)

Apneic

A temporary cessation of breathing, commonly occurring during sleep (sleep apnea) or as a result of neurological, obstructive, or medical issues

MDI

Metered-Dose Inhaler

Intercostal space

Space in between the ribs but closest to the sternum

Mid scapular line

The middle part the back under the scapulas

Midaxillary line

The vertical line running down the side of the torso from the center of the armpit

Anterior axillary line

The vertical line running of the side of the torso in front of the midaxillary line

Posterior axillary lines

The vertical line running of the side of the torso behind of the midaxillary line

Chemoreceptors

Specialized sensory cells that detect chemical changes in the body's internal and external environments

Baroreceptors

Nerves the senses the changes in blood pressure by sensing the stretch of these vessel walls

Stretch receptors

Nerves that that detect the physical stretching, distention, or tension in organs, muscles, and blood vessels

Cushing reflex

A late sign of significant increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and imminent brain herniation. Signs include

Beta 2

Affects the lungs

Beta 1

Affects the heart

Antagonist

a drug or substance that binds to a cell receptor to block or inhibit its action

Agonist

a drug or substance that binds to a cell receptor and activates it

Chronic bronchitis

A type of COPD, long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes that causes increase mucus production

Rubella

measles wear a mask

Pertussis

Whooping cough

Emphysema

A part of COPD where their is damaged alveoli lose elasticity and rupture, which can create inefficient air pockets

Spontaneous pneumothorax

A sudden, non-traumatic collapse of a lung caused by the leakage of air into the space between the lung and the chest wall

Tension pneumothorax

Collapses lung from air entering the pleural space and can’t escape creating high pressure

Dyspnea

Feeling of uncomfortable breathing, often described as air hunger or chest tightness

JVD

Occurs when the veins on the side of the neck appear swollen and enlarged, signaling high pressure in the venous system

Epidural bleed

Life-threatening, rapid accumulation of blood between the skull and the dura mater (outer membrane of the brain)

Cardiac tamponade

Where fluid or blood builds up in the pericardial sac, compressing the heart and preventing it from filling properly.

Tension pneumothorax

Pressure from air is pushing/collapsing the lung, creating pressure on the heart and causing a backup of blood flow. JVD. Give O2 and transport, No CPAP

Pulmonary contusion

Bleeding in/around lung tissue, duct to blunt force trauma, give O2

Hemothorax

Pressure from blood is pushing/collapsing the lung, creating pressure on the heart and causing a backup of blood flow. Give O2 and transport, No CPAP

Flail chest

Impacts ability of chest to expand/contract, is a paradoxical movement, and can lead to pneumonia thorax. To treat have a person splint with their own arm and swath as support, then apply CPAP if they have equal breath sounds

Lateral malleolus

The distal end of the fibula, forming the prominent, bony bump on the outer side of the ankle

Exoneration

Organs protruding from wound. Apply moist sterile dressing over organs, apply occlusive dressing/tape all sides, and position supine with legs bent at the knees

Peritonitis

inflammation when there is leaking of substance into abdomen

Avulsion

is a severe injury where skin and underlying tissue are torn away from the body

Abrasion

is a superficial scrape that removes only the top layer of skin

Capillary bleeding

Most common bleeding, bright red, ooze/drips, and minor loss

Venous bleeding

Dark red blood, gushes, and more severe

Arterial bleeding

Bright red blood, squirting and pulsing out, and most severe

Direct pressure

Usually the first thing to do

Tourniquet

Go right to this for MCI

Wound packing

Deep wound or in junction points

Hemostatic dressings

Promotes clotting

Splinting

For broken bones and stable pt

Junctional tourniquets

Minitary only, for junction points where normal tourniquets wont work

Pelvic binder

Unstable pelvis

5 Categories of shock

Hypovolemic shock

Distributive shock

Cariogenic shock

Obstructive shock

Metabolic/respiratory shock

Hypovolemic shock

Caused by low blood/fluid volume

Kinds of Hypovolemic shock

• Hemorrhagic shock

• Dehydration shock

• Burn shock

Distributive shock

Massive systemic vasodilation leading to a decrease in vascular volume

Kinds of Distributive shock

• Anaphylactic shock

• Septic shock

• Neurogenic shock

Cardiogenic shock

Pump problems, heart can’t contract effectively

Kinds of Cariogenic shock

• Intrinsic cardiogenic shock - An issue within the heart muscle or its electrical system

• Extrinsic cardiogenic shock - An issue outside the heart causing a blockage, like an air bubble, extra fluid, or clot

Obstructive shock

Obstruction of forward blood flow

Metabolic/Respiratory shock

O2 or Glucose Problem

Facial burns

possible respiratory issues

Hands/feet burns

joint function issues

Circumferential

swelling can cause circulation to be cut off

Burns less than 10%

dress wet

Burns more than 10%

dress dry

Appendicitis

Nausea/vomiting, severe pain RLQ

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of gallbladder, made worst with fatty foods. Severe RUQ or epigasitic pain. Pain may be referred to shoulder

Pancreatitis

Common in pts with alcoholism and/or can be caused by gallstones. Epigastric pain, may have refer pain to back/shoulder, and nausea/vomiting

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Life threatening. A tearing/sharp pain, may radiate to back, signs of shock, unequal pedal pulses, and pulsating mass in abdominal

Hernia

Tear in abdominal muscle wall causing organ/tissue to protrude through opening. Sudden onset of pain (often after heavy lifting), palpable made, may cause bowel obstruction or strangulation of tissue, requires transport

Kidney Stones

severe flank pain caused by kidney stones traveling down the ureter. Severe pain in flank (side) or back, may radiate to groin, and nausea/vomiting.

Gastroenteritis

an inflammation of the stomach and intestines caused by viruses (like norovirus), bacteria, or parasites, resulting in watery diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, and low-grade fever

Peritoneum

thin membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering each organ

Visceral

covers each organ

Parietal

attached to abdominal wall

Rupture esophageal

A hole in the esophagus allows food or fluids to leak into the chest cavity, causing severe inflammation and sepsis

Gastric ulcer

Painful, open sores on the stomach lining, often caused by H. pylori bacteria or prolonged NSAID use, resulting in burning abdominal pain

Renal calculi

Solid mineral deposits forming in the kidneys, causing intense, radiating flank pain, nausea, and hematuria

Urticaria

hives

Angioedema

Sudden swelling of the skin, allergic reaction.

Meningitis

sudden high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, nausea/vomiting, light sensitivity, and confusion. Weak a mask.

Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal)

Involves muscle stiffening (tonic) and shaking (clonic), often resulting in loss of consciousness, falling, and potential tongue biting or loss of bladder control.

Absence (Petit Mal)

Brief, sudden lapses of consciousness, often appearing as a blank stare or rapid blinking, lasting ~15 seconds.

Atonic (Drop Attacks)

Sudden loss of muscle tone causing the person to go limp and drop instantly.

Myoclonic

Short, lightning-quick, involuntary jerking movements, often in clusters.

Clonic

Rhythmic, repetitive jerking movements.

Tonic

Sudden stiffening of muscles, often causing a fall, commonly occurring during sleep