Muscle Actions, Nerves, and Range of Motion: Upper and Lower Limb

Shoulder flexion

0-170; Deltoid (anterior fibers) - Axillary N; Pectoralis major (clavicular fibers) - Medial and Lateral pectoral N; Biceps brachii - Musculocutaneous N

Shoulder extension

0-60; Deltoid (posterior fibers) - Axillary N; Latissimus dorsi - Thoracodorsal N

Shoulder horizontal abduction

0-45; Deltoid (posterior fibers) - Axillary N

Shoulder horizontal adduction

0-135; Deltoid (anterior fibers) - Axillary N; Pectoralis major (upper fibers) - Medial and Lateral pectoral N

Shoulder abduction

0-170; Deltoid (all fibers) - Axillary N; Supraspinatus - Suprascapular N

Shoulder internal rotation

0-70; Subscapularis - Upper and Lower subscapular N; Teres major - Lower subscapular N; Deltoid (anterior fibers) - Axillary N

Shoulder external rotation

0-90; Deltoid (posterior fibers) - Axillary N; Infraspinatus - Suprascapular N; Teres minor - Axillary N

Elbow flexion

0-150; Brachialis - Musculocutaneous N; Biceps brachii - Musculocutaneous N; Brachioradialis - Radial N

Elbow extension

0; Triceps brachii (all heads) - Radial N; Anconeus - Radial N

Forearm supination

0-80; Biceps brachii - Musculocutaneous N; Supinator - Radial N

Forearm pronation

0-80; Pronator teres - Median N; Pronator quadratus - Median N

Wrist flexion

0-80; Flexor carpi radialis - Median N; Flexor carpi ulnaris - Ulnar N

Wrist extension

0-70; Extensor carpi radialis longus - Radial N; Extensor carpi radialis brevis - Radial N; Extensor carpi ulnaris - Radial N

Ulnar deviation

0-30; Extensor carpi ulnaris - Radial N; Flexor carpi ulnaris - Ulnar N

Radial deviation

0-20; Extensor carpi radialis longus - Radial N; Extensor carpi radialis brevis - Radial N; Flexor carpi radialis - Median N

Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) flexion

0-90; Interossei - Ulnar N; Lumbricals - Median N and Ulnar N; Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) - Median N; Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) - Median N for D2 and D3, Ulnar N for D4 and D5

Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) extension

45; Extensor digitorum - Radial N; Extensor indicis - Radial N; Extensor digiti minimi - Radial N

Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) abduction and adduction

0-20; Dorsal interossei (abduction) - Ulnar N; Palmar interossei (adduction) - Ulnar N

Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) flexion

0-100; Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) - Median N; Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) - Median N for D2 and D3, Ulnar N for D4 and D5

Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) extension

0; Interossei - Ulnar N; Lumbricals - Median N for D2 and D3, Ulnar N for D4 and D5; Extensor digitorum (central slip) - Radial N

Distal interphalangeal (DIP) flexion

0-90; Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) - Median N for D2 and D3, Ulnar N for D4 and D5

Distal interphalangeal (DIP) extension

0; Interossei - Ulnar N; Lumbricals - Median N for D2 and D3, Ulnar N for D4 and D5; Extensor digitorum (terminal tendon) - Radial N

Thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) palmar abduction

0-70; Abductor pollicis longus - Radial N; Abductor pollicis brevis - Median N

Thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) radial abduction

0-70; Abductor pollicis longus - Radial N; Extensor pollicis brevis - Radial N; Abductor pollicis brevis - Median N; Extensor pollicis longus - Radial N

Thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) flexion

0-50; Flexor pollicis longus - Median N; Flexor pollicis brevis - Median N and Ulnar N

Thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) extension

0; Extensor pollicis brevis - Radial N; Extensor pollicis longus - Radial N

Thumb interphalangeal (IP) flexion

0-80; Flexor pollicis longus - Median N

Thumb interphalangeal (IP) extension

0; Extensor pollicis longus - Radial N

Hip flexion

0-120; Psoas major - Lumbar plexus; Iliacus - Femoral N

Knee flexion

0-135; Semimembranosus - Sciatic N; Semitendinosus - Sciatic N; Biceps femoris - Sciatic N

Ankle dorsiflexion

0-20; Tibialis anterior - Deep fibular N; Extensor hallucis longus - Deep fibular N; Extensor digitorum longus - Deep fibular N