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what is the spreading activation theory of memory?
information is encoded into cognitive units
the units form an interconnected netowkr
the strength of these units increases with practice and decays with delay
retrieval is achieved by spreading activation throughout the network
the level of activation in the network determines the rate and probability of recall
retrieval is a joint product of what?
stored memory traces
cues that are available at retrieval
these will predict what you remember
what is the encoding specificty principle?
to the extent that encoding conditions and retrieval conditions are similar, memory will be enhanced
what plays a large role in retrieval?
context
when are you more likely to remember words?
if you are tested in the same place you learnt them
interviews conducted when are are the most crucial in determining whether a case is solved?
during the initial phase of the investigation
describe what good and bad interviews can do to the investigation?
good - advance the investiagtion
bad - contaminate the whole investiagtion
what are 2 types of interview protocols used and what is the aim of them?
cognitive interview
NICHD protocol
maximising the quantity and quality of eyewitness testimony
describe which protocol is used for children or adults
cognitive interview
NICHD protocol
cogntive interview - adult
NICHD protocol - children
what 4 things do each protocol all agree on the importance of?
questioning style
rapport
ground rules
interviewer objectivity
describe the hiarachy on questioning style (in order from best to worse)
open ended questions
specific questions
force choiced questions
suggestive questions
leading questions
what should interviews start with?
a free recall phase
when can you ask suggestive questions?
if the person is not forthcoming
what was the mean length of uninterrupted free recall? why is this
7.5 secs
interviewers find it very difficult to not interupt
loftus and palmer conducted a study on questioning style looking at a film of a car accident. There were asked questions about the film straight away and the wording fo the question was manipulated. what was found?
subjectes estimates of speeds were dependent on the question wording
they assessed report of broken glass at scene and found that it was related to the wording of the speed estimate question
what is the holy grail technique?
a technique that increases the amount of information provided without compromsing accuracy
anatomically detailed dolls require children to what?
understand dual representation
map past events ontol dolls
stay on tasks without drifting into play
what are the unsupportive findings of dolls?
children suspected of abuse engage in more play and report more fantastic details when interviewed with dolls
dolls lead to increased false reports of genital and anal touching
dolls tend to increase errors without necessarily leading to an increase in detail
should dolls be used?
no
By the 1990s what was decided about the use of anatomically detailed dolls?
childrens interactions with dolls are not diagnostic of abuse
interviewers should not use dolls in ways that ask children to demonstrate abuse prior to verbal reports of abuse
dolls are risk with children under 5
martyn, jack and zajac conducted a study looking at visual aids, they showed children, adolescents, adults a film clip of a stimulated crime, then what happened? what was found from the study?
15 misn later were asked to give a free recall account of what just happened
then asked to recall the event again. This time, they were assigned to one of four conditions.
own sketch
provided sketch
photograph
no visual aid
found:
regardless of age, visual aids increased the amount of information the participants provided
visual aids increased the proportion of accurate information provided
what are the 5 ways in which visual aids can help?
increase amoutn of time spent in interview
decrease social barriers between interviewer and interviewee
help witnesses provide own retrieval cues
help witnesses to mentall reinstate context
influence the interviewers behaviour
describe rapport
the more at ease a witness is, the more information they ar elikely to impart
especially when topic is sensitive or traumatic
rapport building is linked to what
interview performance
sternberg looked at 51 investigative interviews with child complaints of sexual abuse, what age were these kids?
what was manipulated in this study?
what was found in this study?
between 4 and 12 yrs
the style of rapport building phase (open ended or direct questions)
open ended questions gave twice as many words and gave over twice as many details than closed ended
what are the 3 components the tripartite model of rapport emphasise?
mutual attentiveness
positivity
coordination
is using interviewees names helpful?
yes
In the norway bombing and mass shooting, victims reported the most positive experience of their police interview if they did what?
could control their own narrative
were able to present a coherent account
listened by an interviewer promoting safety
perceived the police as empathetic and professional
could cope with emotional reactions in the interview
regarded the interview as meaningful
what are ground rules?
instructions for the interviews
level of reporting is selected based on?
past experiences
assumed communication rules
assumptions about the interviewers knowledge
a study was conducted where104 participants watched a simulated crime where someone was shot at the end, they were all interviewed with what type of ground rules? what were the findings?
standardinstructions
free recall
open ended
yes/no questions
half were then given a pen example
found:
the pen example resulted in more information during free recall with no loss of accuracy
there was no significant effect of pen condition on responses to open questions, or yes/no questions
But when free recall and open ended questions combined the pen example had no effect
when interviewers not objective they can what?
shape witnesses reports
overlook or ignore relevant information
inaccurately report interview contents
describe the mcmartin preschool case
mother noticed gential rash on her 2 year old
child and police became certain child was abused by teacher
interviews were conducted
350 allegations againt 7 teachers at this school
what were the 5 problematic questioning techniques from the mcmartin preschool case?
suggestive questions
referring to other people
positive and negative consequences
asked and answered
inviting speculation
what are the implications for eyewitnesses retrieval?
investigators have influence over the evidence they elicit from eyewitness
the retrieval process itself can damage memory
eyewitness evidence needs to be collected in such a way that is preserved, rather than contaminated
a dogged focus on detail could be misguided