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What is a hormone?
A chemical messenger
How many types of hormones are there?
50
What do hormones do in your body?
Reproduction, metabolism and energy balance, growth and development, body defences, homeostasis
What is a hormonal cascade?
hormones that are set off by other hormones
Where are hormones secreted into?
the blood
What is a gland?
any structure that makes and secretes a hormone
Which is the main gland in the body?
pituitary gland
What does the pituitary gland do?
signals other glands to make and secrete their own hormones
Name 4 glands the pituitary gland stimulates
thyroid, peri-thyroid, adrenal, pineal
Can a hormone trigger a reaction in all cells?
no
What is the name of cells a hormone can work on?
a target cell
What type of cells in the pancreas release insulin?
beta cells
What type of cells in the pancreas release glucagon?
Alpha cells
What is graves’ disease?
an immune system disorder that results in hyperthyroidism
What can the symptoms of hyperthyroidism be?
insomnia, weight loss, excessive sweating, heart palpitations, anxiety
What is adrenal crisis?
the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol
What are the risk factors of addison’s disease?
autoimmune diseases, trauma, adrenal tumours, anticoagulants, TB, HIV, fungal infections, female, 30 - 50 years old
What are the risk factors for steroid induced adrenal crisis?
Prolonged use of corticosteroids, polypharmacy, removal of steroid therapy without guidance
Where are the adrenal glands located?
on top of the kidneys
How many layers is the cortex of the adrenal glands divided up into?
3
What is the outer layer of the cortex of the adrenal glands called?
Zona Glomerulosa
What is the middle layer of the cortex of the adrenal glands called?
Zona Fasciculata
What is the inner layer of the cortex of the adrenal glands called?
Zona reticularis
What does the outer layer of the cortex of the adrenal gland produce?
aldosterone
What does the middle layer of the cortex of the adrenal gland produce?
cortisol
What does the inner layer of the cortex of the adrenal gland produce?
testosterone
What can cause secondary adrenal insufficiency?
a problem with the pituitary gland
What are the symptoms of aldosterone insufficiency?
Hyperkalaemia, Hyponatremia, dehydration, hypovolaemia, salt craving, nausea, stomach pain
What are the symptoms of a cortisol insufficiency?
muscle weakness, lethargy, unable to maintain activity, hyperpigmentation of skin, low blood sugar levels