APUSH Unit 1-3

based on heimler's history, personal notes, slideshows, etc

berring land bridge

how people came to north america

how did native societies interact with each other

adaptation, innovation, and migration

nonmadic people

always moving

housing in NA civilization

teepees among rivers

how were stories preserved and told

carved in totem poles

buffalo jump

bald eagle or buffalo

multi faceted

many sided

how did southwest live

caves, clifs, multi story building from earth materials

sedentary

what disrupted southwest civilization

drought and arrival of europeans

northeast

humans and farmers

nonmadic

example is ute

three sisters

corn, beans, squash

will only grow if together

maize

corn

encomienda system

forced spanish labor system

two groups to be enslaved

africans and native americans

what did spain vow for labor

native americans will be protected during labor

dispute between spain and portugal

both controlled by catholic monarch

land overlapped

turned to pope

what country was the most dominant empire

spain

northwest food source

fishing, hunting, gathering

teepees

concical tents made out of buffalo skin and wood

archaic period

hunting and gathering

mayans

written language, numerical system, calendar, advanced agricultural system, trade routes

northern civilizations

hunting, gathering, fishing

woodland indians

farming, hunting, gathering, and fishing

sextant

use for latitude and longitude for navigation

caravels

sail with wind and sail farthur

christopher columbus

went on voyage thanks to spain and landed in bahamas

where did columbus think he was when he arrived in bahamas

asia

what did columbus name the native people of the bahamas

indies or west indies

prince henry the navigator

explore western coast of africa to try to find a passage to asia for trading

what land did spain claim

new world

what land did portugal claim

asia, africa, brazil

ferdinand magellan

discovered magellan strait in south america

bartholomew dias

rounded southern tip of africa

vasco de gama

around cape of india

pedro cabral

bound for india but blow off into brazil

conquistadores

claimed all of na and sa except brazil

what did spain do to the natives

enslaved and forced customs on them

canary islands

sugar plantation

elmina castle

holding place for africans and trade gold for humans

caste system

spain, other europeans, africans, native americans

spanish caste system for themselves

purely spain, criollos (born in the colony), mestizos

repartimiento

native towns had to supply a group of natives to spain

maroon colonies

formerly enslaved africans group

feudalism

worked for noble in change for pprotection

sepulveda

believed that native americans had no rights or property

bartolome de las casas

defended the native americans, persuaded king to abolish slavery

conquistadores

claimed all of na and sa except brazil

hernando cortes

met aztecs in mexico with over 1k men

francisco pizarr

conquered peru and revealed wealth of incas

hernando de soto

greedy, several expeditions, discovered and crossed mississippi river

francisco coronando

greedy for gold, southwest for spain settlement

wealthest country at the time

spain

why was spain so rich

riches from america and agricultural economy

mestizos

new mixed race marriage between spain and natives

ways natives protect traiditions and customs

escape and blended own traditions and christianity

diseases from europe to na

smallpox and measlesc

columbian exchange

transfer of things between africa, europe, and america

why were native americans last on the caste system

knew the land so kept escaping and never retunrning

feudalism

peasants work on noble land for protection

capitalism

private ownership

moctezuma

leader of aztecs when spanish invaded

bartolomoe de la casas

if spainiards continue killing, they will lose souls to god

mission system

missionaries attempt to convert natives to christianity

requerimiento

native americans are promised freedom as long as converted to christianity

mercantilism

maximize exports and minimize imports

middle passage

african slaves were forced to be cramped in boats for slavery → many died → starvation/disease

joint stock company

company made of shareholders

why did europeans believe that africans should be enslaved

believed that they were descended from kanaan who was enslaved

trading post empire

africa, europe, and asia trading with maritime techonology

aztech/technotitlan

very advanced technology, language, complex system, irrigation, sacrifice

why did europe want to expand

population increase

political unification

desire for luxury goods

what did america bring to europe

maize gold silver

what did europe bring to america

pigs cattle horses diseases

mission system

force NA into catholicism and assimilate spanish culture

pueblo revolt

due to forced conversion, killed spanish colonizers and burned churches

reasons europe went to america

stronger and centralized states

growing upper class

trading with asia → look for sea base routes

europe and native american different views

europe → commodity NA → symbiotic

europe → christianity NA → pantheistic

puritans

hoped to create a pure church with own rules and were unhappy with the church of england

indentured servants

labored for 7 years to get into new world and a bit of land

enslavement

africans were forced to work

jacques cartier

explored st lawrence river

samuel de champlain

found quebec

henry hudson

found nyc and river named after dutch

william bradford

plymouth governor

southern colonies

slave trade for tobacco and rice plantation

fugitive slave law

slaves must be returned to owner if escape

3/5 compromise

3/5 enslaved people would count towards population

slave codes

goes on for generation, chattel

can’t leave plantation without permission

kill slaves if misbehave

new spain

replication of spain in new world

what did france prioritize

trade and religious conversion

britain goal

expansion of empire

spains buffer

prevent european countries settling and taking territory

was slavery a priority in the beginning

no because they usually died after 24-60 months and had to pay for them

bacon’s rebellion

underclass men went against virginia government → start in forced labor

why were slave revolts rare

takes time to plan the revot and lack of weapon

how did africans try to change conditions in what they were in (slavery)

slower work, feign sickness, theft, murder, revolts

dutch

economic opportunities

barbados slave code

african slaves did not have human rights