Intro To Psychology: Test Ch 1/3/6/4/5/7/8

Our expectations of receiving a treatment can make us feel better or make us experience side effects.

placebo effect

The tendency to think we could have predicted something that we probably could not have foreseen.

Hindsight bias

They are released in response to behaviors such as vigorous exercise and are natural pain relievers.

Endorphins

What are the Levels of Explanation?

levels of explanation are used to describe something like derpression which has 4 leves of explanation. They are phychological, biological, sociatal, and culture.

Society for Health Psychology focuses on the ways in which psychology can be used to improve our physical health.

Division 38

What is the difference between empirical method and scientific method?

Empirical method uses systematic observations and experiments and scientific uses assumptions, rules, and procedures for empirical study.

Psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care to do no harm, this describes;

Beneficence and nonmaleficence

Psychologists are identified as:

practitioners, educators and researchers

When Pari failed her exam, she blamed it on her teacher's tricky questions and not the fact that she did not study. This example best illustrates which of the following themes.

Our perceptions and biases filter our experiences of the world through an imperfect personal lens.

Psychologists seek to promote accuracy honesty and truthfulness in the science, teaching and practice of psychology, this describes;

Integrity

An engineer whose 50 years of studies were at the forefront of many topics in what became industrial and organizational psychology.

Lillian Gilbreth

Psychology is a science, and that science is defined by its values, not its topic.

False

Taking practice quizzes is an example of

retrieval practice

Studying material in multiple sessions of short periods of times is an example of;

spaced practice

José was studying and remembered what his psychology teacher said about connecting new concepts to his personal experiences. He used what he learned and received A's on all of his midterm exams. This example best

illustrates which of the following themes in psychology?

Applying psychological principles can change our lives, organizations, and communities in positive ways.

Understanding cognitive shortcuts can help us make better decisions is a description of one of the following integrative themes.

Our perceptions and biases filter our experiences of the world through an imperfect personal lens.

Explain the difference between values and facts.

values are opinions and facts are objective statements garnerd from empirical study and evidence

The tendency to interpret events in a way that assigns credit for success to oneself but denies one's responsibility for failure, which is blamed on external factors.

self-serving bias

The perspectives used to understand behavior.

levels of explanation

Early interest in lie detection may resulted in the "lasso of truth" by Wonder Woman.

William Marston

Alzheimer's disease is associated with an undersupply of this neurotrasmitter

Acetylcholine

It plays a role in motor control and the sleep/ wake cycle.

Reticular formation

In an experiment on split brain, a word is flashed briefly to the left field of view and the patient is asked what he saw. The patient said that he did not see anything. Which one describes the result of the experiment

The right hemisphere cannot share with the left hemisphere.

It helps store information in long-term memory.

Hippocampus

A drug that blocks or inhibits the activity of a given neurotransmitter.

Antagonist

Give a complete explanation of the Process of Synaptic Transmission.

action potential runs down the axon to the axon terminals. Neurotransmitters are released and cross the synapse and attach to receptors on the dendrites in the manner of lock and key

A neurotransmitter involved in many functions, including mood, appetite, sleep and aggression

Seratonin

It controls heart rate and breathing

Medulla

They secrete hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine when we are excited , threatened or stressed.

Adrenal glands

It is described as the old brain.

Brainstem

This brain structure helps store information in long-term memory; damage will lead to new experience.

Hippocampus

What are the structures of the Limbic System?

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Hypothalamus

It regulates our experience of emotions, especially fear and anxiety.

Amygdala

It plays a major role in balance and walking.

Pons

Describe the electroencephalography or EEG.

the EEG measures electrical activity in the neuron by using attached electrodes

The chemical regulator of the body that consists of glands that secretes hormones.

Endocrine system

List ALL the special functions performed by the left hemisphere

language, judging time and rhythm, mathmatics, and sequencing complex movements.

Investigated infant's responses in the "strange situation".

Margaret Ainsworth

To help us work through the process of developing an identity, we may well try out different identities in different social situations, sorting out what makes us different from others. This describes;

identity distinctiveness

Enumerate five factors contributing to more successful aging.

1. less stress

2. be happy/less angry

3. maintain a good diet

4. maintain an active lifestile

5. perfom cognitive tasks

6. look on past events as posotive

A new egocentrism emerges in adolescence. Explain why?

adolescents create an imaginary audience while believing they know everything and can do anything.

The development of object permanence happens between,

birth to about 2 years

A child with a disorganized attachment style seems to have no consistent way of coping with the stress of the strange situation. The child;

may cry during the separation but avoid the caregiver when they return.

Beginning in the 30s and 40s recovery from muscle strain becomes shortened.

False

The more the child reacts to a situation with strong emotions, whether they be positive or negative emotions;

the less close the child and caregiver tend to be.

It is the culturally preferred "right time" for major life events.

social clock

What is epigenetics?

that changes in gene function are heritable and not a result of changes in the DNA sequence

The changes in gene function that are heritable and not attibuted to alterations of the DNA sequence.

epigenetics

The ability to think and acquire information quickly and abstractly

fluid intelligence

The following are newborn preferences, except;

Lower pitched voices

Which one of the following statements is correct?

Older adults are often more effective at understanding emotions

In Harry and Margaret Harlow's investigation they found out that;

babies have social as well as physical needs

The understanding that changes in the form of an object do not necessarily mean changes in the quantity of an object, describes;

conservation

It is the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus following repeated presentation.

Habituation

What are the Physical and Sensory changes in Early and Middle Adulthood?

physical changes are: longer recovery time from physical strain, hearing and vision loss/deminish, increase in blood pressure, cholesterol.

Sensory changes are: some cognative skills decline while others strengthen, they take longer because of increased knowledge, general memory loss is not a factor.

Approximate age range is 5 - 7 to onset of puberty.

Conservation

The following are important roles of expectations in perception, except;

Similarity

Give 5 Principles in Perceiving Form

1. arial perspective,

2. linear perspective,

3. light and shadow,

4. interposition,

5. relative height,

6. relative size

The intensity of a stimulus that allows an organism to just barely detect it

absolute threshold

In the Signal Detection Analysis experiment, "Miss" implies.

no" even there is a signal

Hearing the word "three" causes a person to see a light green color. This person experiences;

Synesthesia

What is blindsight? Explain.

when a person cannot accurately report on, but can answer questions about it. it is a neurological condition of someone that is cortically blind. They won't remember seeing a sad face but they know the face is sad.

Different senses work together to create experience.

Sensory interaction

It is the ability to perceive three-dimensional space and to accurately judge distance.

Depth perception

They are messages from our bodies and the external environment that supply us with information about space and distance.

Depth cues

What depth cue describes the image?

Light and shadow

It is the conversion of stimuli detected by receptor cells to electrical impulses transported to the brain.

Transduction

It is the ability to sense the position and movement of our body parts

Proprioception

Which one of the following statements is true?

There are 2,000 to 8,000 taste buds on a human tongue.

If one person is holding a bag that weighs 10 grams and a gram was added that person will notice the increase in weight. On the other hand, if another person is holding a bag that weighs 100 grams and a gram will be added; that person will barely notice the increase in weight. This example describes a measuring sensation called;

Difference threshold

What is the difference between Sensitivity and Response bias?

sensitivity is the ability to detect the presence or abscence of a signal and response bias is the bias to answer "yes"

Color does not exist outside the brain, our brain converts the light waves into color.

True

The two eyes receive slightly different images. This depth cue led to the discovery of 3-D films

Retinal disparity

What monocular depth cue describes the image?

Ponzo

Give 5 traits of good critical thinkers.

1. Tolerant of ambiguity,

2. Amaibly skeptical,

3. Inventive,

4. Persistant,

5. Open minded,

6. Careful.

7. Curious,

8. Collaborative

CHAPTER 5

It is an optimal experience during which the mind and body work harmoniously well homed in on a specific task

Flow

It can cause calming effects, reduce coordination in response time, reduced inhibition drowsiness

Depressants

It is used for therapeutic goals, like pain management

Hypnosis

One of the following is not an example of flow

A chef preparing a dish

What best describes non-rapid eye movement sleep

Deep sleep

And hypnosis the following occurs

Phase one: hypnotichypnotic induction

Phase 2: application

Enumerate sleep disorders and describe each

Insomnia, the ability to sleep for a long duration because of mental stress or pain

Narcolepsy :attacks of sleep caused by lack of neurons in the hypothalamus

Sleep Apnea :and obstruction of the airway stopping breathing. This is partially remedied with a CPAP machine.

The non-conscious mind continues to work well our conscious mind attempts to other things. Explain how.

The non-conscious mind processes information as the conscious mind is working. It is sorting and storing long-term memories and categorizing, interpreting, and making sense of experiences that become dreams.

Large muscles are paralyzed, and awareness of external events decreases during what stage

Rapid eye movement stage

The following are effects of completely without sleep for three days except

Moodiness

The following are examples of short term effects of sleep, deprivation, except

Poor immune functioning

Which of the following statements is not true?

Sleep is influenced by the yellow heavy sunlight

Migration of birds and hibernation of bears are examples of circadian rhythm

False

Give a complete explanation of the brain activity during sleep progression

The hypothalamus measures intensity and duration of light. The pineal gland releases melatonin with the input of yellow light. Melatonin facilitate sleep. During sleep the brain first enters non-REM deep sleep and goes through and one, and two, and three sleep sleep cycles to REM sleep where the mind is flooded with images sounds and emotions which is dreaming. Large muscle groups are paralyzed. Non-REM and REM cycle at about 90 minutes between the two.

A hypnotized person always enters a sleep like trance

False

Sleep spindles happen during

N2 sleep

CHAPTER 7

CHAPTER 7

It is the ability to connect stimuli with responses

conditioning

It is something that triggers a naturally occuring involuntary response

unconditioned stimulus

Explain prisoner's dilemma

if two prisoners are questioned seperately there will be diffenert sentences for how they respond by confessing or not. it they both decide to confess, their term will be x, if they both do not, it will be y. The dilemma is that if they work together (unknowingly) they may get lighter sentences, or non at all. If they only look out for themselves they could get hit with longer sentences

It is a situation in which the behavior that creates the most positive outcomes for the individual may, in long term, lead to negative consequences for the group.

social dilema

Playing video games increases aggressive behavior, the overall effect is very strong

false

He was studying the digestive system of dogs when he discovered classical conditioning

ivan pablov

The process of guiding an animal's behavior to the desired outcome through the use of successive approximation to a final desired behavior

shaping