Genetics Exam 2

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54 Terms

1

pedigree

A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.

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2

mode of inheritance

the pattern in which a genetic disease is inherited through generations

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3

simple dominance

a pattern of inheritance in which there are only two alleles and the dominant trait is always expressed in a hybrid organism

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4

dominant

Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.

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5

genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

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6

punnett square

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

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7

forked-line diagram

a method for diagramming the probabilities of outcomes in a branching format

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8

recessive

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

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9

allele

An alternative form of a gene.

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10

phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

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11

monohybrid cross

A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits

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12

mendel's principle of segregation

The two members of a gene pair (alleles) segregate (separate) from each other in the formation of gametes. Half the gametes carry one allele, and the other half carry the other allele.

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13

independent assortment

One of Mendel's principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes

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14

homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

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15

heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

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16

mutant

An organism genetically different from its parent

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17

wildtype

the most common genotype/phenotype observed in a population

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18

P1

parental generation

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19

F1

first generation

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20

F2

second generation

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21

true-breeding

term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate

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22

test cross

the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype

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23

transposable element

Segment of DNA that can move spontaneously within or between chromosomes.

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24

polymorphism

The coexistence of two or more distinct forms in the same population.

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25

PCR

(polymerase chain reaction) a method used to rapidly make multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA; can be used to make millions of copies of DNA from a very small amount of DNA

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26

meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

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27

carrier

A person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype.

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28

incomplete dominance

Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele

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29

codominance

A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.

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30

lethal allele

an allele whose expression results in the death of the individual organism expressing it

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31

epistasis

A type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited.

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32

genetic analysis

Determination of the function of cell RNAs and proteins based on the phenotype of cells in which the gene encoding the RNA or protein is mutated.

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33

complement

something that completes or makes up a whole

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34

3:1 ratio

heterzygous x heterozygous f2 generation phenotypic result

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35

9:3:3:1 ratio

heterozygous x heterozygous f2 generation phenotypic result for dihybrid cross

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36

autosome

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

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37

x-linked

referring to a gene located on the X chromosome

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38

multiple alleles

three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait

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39

pleiotropy

The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.

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40

sex-limited

When expression of a gene depends on the sex of the individual.

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41

sex-influenced

can be influenced by sex of individual carrying trait (e.g. Bb female not bald, Bb male is)

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42

genetic anticipation

number of repeats increases in future generations causing symptoms to be worse

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43

test cross

the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype

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44

single crossover

leads to half recombinant, half non recombinant

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45

double crossover

Chromosomes may trade a segment once and then trade back a sub-section of that segment so that each chromosome regains some of its own original genetic material.

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46

linkage

occurs when different traits are inherited together more often than they would have been by chance along; it is assumed that these traits are linked on the same chromosome

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47

recombinant

of or resulting from new combinations of genetic material

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48

parental

characteristic of a mother or father

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49

recombinant frequency

the proportion of offspring of a genetic cross that have phenotypes different from the parental phenotypes due to crossing over between linked genes during gamete formation

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50

LOD score

The ratio of probabilities

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51

that two genes are linked to the probability that they are not linked,

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52

expressed as a log10. Scores of 3.0 or higher are taken as establishing

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53

linkage.

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54

Manhattan Plot

a graphical representation of DNA variants that may be associated

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