Studied by 0 people1948
May 15 - June 10
Phase 1 of fighting
Egyptian army of 10,000 cross the border and attack isolated Jewish settlements
Less experienced forces of Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon are forced to retreat in the north, after being attacked by Jewish settlers
Arab Legion defend the Old City (eastern Jerusalem)
The Arab inhabitants of west Jerusalem were forced out as Israel gained occupation
1948
June
1st Truce
Jordan and Lebanon open to negotiation, but Egypt, Syria, and Iraq refused
Israel took the time during the ceasefire to replenish their supplies and re-organise their troops
Britain had been funding Egypt Jordan and Iraq but no longer wanted to disobey the UN embargo
1948
July 9-18
Phase 2 of fighting
Egypt broke the ceasefire
The Arab Legion remained in control of east Jerusalem
Israel gained control of the Galilee region, including land that had been allocated to Palestine
1948
September
2nd Truce
Proposed peace plan failed after Swiss proposer was assassinated by Stern Gang
Members of the Stern Gang and Irgun were incorporated into the IDF, or disbanded
1948-1949
October 15-January 7
Phase 3 of fighting
Israel broke the truce
Israel defeated Egypt in the south and pursued them over the border into Egypt, but were pressured by USA to withdraw
They remained in Negev until the final ceasefire was arranged.
Outcome for Israel
Lost 6,000 lives (1% of the 650,000 Israeli population)
Controlled 79% of the Palestinian area
Rather than the 55% they were allocated by the UN
Outcomes for Palestinians
700,000 Palestinians had become refugees
Most were driven to Gaza and the West Bank
Outcomes for Egypt
Confirmed pre-war borders
Gaza came under Egyptian military rule
Outcomes for Jordan
The West Bank and east Jerusalem would be governed as part of Jordan
Outcomes for Syria
Disputed areas in the north of Israel were demilitarised on both sides
1948
May 14
British forces withdraw from Palestine
Israel proclaimed a country by UN and David Ben-Gurion
1948
May 15
Invasion of Israel by…
Lebanon
Syria
Iraq
Transjordan
Egypt
Zionist interpretation of Israel’s win
Israel was David fighting Goliath
They were a tiny newly established country being invaded by five huge Arab countries
Israel had fewer weapons, soldiers, and was poorly equipped
Revisionist interpretation of Israel’s win
Israel had built up their army rapidly to nearly 100,000 soldiers by December 1948
This equaled them to the combined Arab forces
Israel focused on organising themselves during the 1st truce, and increased their weaponry incredibly
25,000 were trained by British forces, whereas only 10,000 of the Arab Legion had military training and experience
Jordan’s aims
Wanted to attach Palestine onto Jordan
Led Jewish leaders to believe they wouldn’t invade Israel newly-established
Jordan aimed to gain control of the Palestinian-Arab territory, rather than prevent Israel from expanding and establishing
Why did Palestinians argue they have a ‘right to return’ to their lands?
They did not leave voluntarily
Israel were deliberately expelling them to have an ‘Israel without Arabs’
They were expelled through violence and intimidation
Why did Israelis argue that Palestinians didn’t have a ‘right to return’?
The invading Arab countries were the ones to blame as they attacked first
Palestinians were not forced to leave
They were told to leave by Arab leaders
They were a security threat to Israel if they remained inside
Why wouldn’t Arab countries provide citizenships for Palestinian refugees?
So that Palestinians could retain their ‘right to return’
However this made it very difficult for Palestinians to travel or get jobs
Jordan ignored this completely and offered citizenships to all
What was created after the war?
The Israeli Defence Force
Who were absorbed into the IDF?
The Haganah and Irgun (Israeli terrorist groups)
Characteristics of the IDF
Small core of professional soldiers
From 1949, All 18 year olds had to serve 30 months (18 for females)
All ex-conscripts became reserve forces and had to maintain military training for a month every year until they were 55
What was the Law of Return?
The law that any Jew in the world had to the right to come to Israel and become an Israeli citizen
How did Israeli create unity between so many diverse backgrounds?
Emphasis on religion - being Jewish was the one thing they all had in common
Religious leaders were given a high profile
Jewish history was taught and emphasised
Students were all taught in Hebrew
Communal farms were established
The IDF gave all a united purpose and common goal
What saved Israel from economic ruin?
The reparations agreement signed with Germany in 1952
What was boycotted by the Arab League?
All trade with Israel, and any foreign company trading with Israel
What was the Arab League?
An organisation of Arab countries established in 1945 which promoted closer relations within Arab countries
Who were the 6 original members of the Arab League?
Lebanon
Syria
Iraq
Transjordan
Egypt
Saudi Arabia
How did Egypt use the Suez Canal to punish Israel?
They searched all ships and confiscated anything they thought was purchased at an Israeli port, or might be used for the IDF
What didn’t Egypt stop in Gaza post 1949?
Fedayeen raids
Define UNRWA
The United Nations Relief and Works Agency
What was the UNRWA?
Set up for Palestinian refugees to provide basic food, shelter, water, sanitation, health centres, and education
Where did Israel gain their fresh supplies and weapons from, during the 1st truce of the 1948 war?
Eastern-Europe
Mainly Czechoslovakia
Why was there no peace treaty at the end of the 1948 war?
The Arab countries were divided on whether to let Israel keep their won lands
The Arab countries were insistent on Israel dealing with the Palestinian refugees
Israel were prepared, and would rather have a perpetual war, rather than accept and compensate the Palestinians
Note
Flashcard