ApHug Exam study guide

Chapter 1: Geography Its Nature and Perspectives

Chapter 1: Geography Its Nature and Perspectives

What are the origins of geography?

Study of earth

What is the purpose of scale? What are 3 types of scale?

Ratio or Fraction Scale: Ex. 1:24,000 or \n 1/24,000

\
Written Scale: Ex. 1 inch equals 1 mile

\
Graphic Scale: Usually consists of a bar line \n marked to show distance on Earth’s surface

\
The purpose of a scale is so we can use it to create accurate maps.

Distortion is especially severe on which types of maps?

Small scale maps

What is the purpose of remote sensing?

Detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance

Explain GIS - How would a geographer use GIS?

A geographic information system (GIS) is a \\n computer system that captures, stores, queries, \\n analyzes, and displays geographic data. And to produce different types of more detailed maps

What system determines a location using mathematical location?

Global Positioning System (GPS)

What term do geographers use to describe a location relative to other objects?

Relative location

What term do geographers use to identify a place by unique physical characteristics?

Site

From what degree is Greenwich Mean Time measured?

(0º longitude).

From what degree is the International Date Line measured from?

(180º longitude)

What was the result of the U.S land Ordinance of 1785?

Set up a standardized system whereby settlers could purchase title to farmland in the undeveloped west. Divided into townships

What are the 3 different types of regions?

\-Formal(uniform): Midwest is considered the corn belt because corn is a distinctive

\
\-Vernacular(perceptual): people think sweet tea when they think of the south, perception of an area

\
\-Functional:(nodal area with focal point): area of Chicago that receives the Chicago tribune

Explain the idea behind Possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

\
EX Making it snow in Dubai UAE

Explain the idea behind Environmental determinism

A philosophy of geography that stated that human behaviors are a direct result of the surrounding environment.

\
EX

The continuously warm weather of subtropical regions leads to underdeveloped, more tribal societies.

How is arithmetic density calculated? If the population of the U.S. is 300 million, and the land area is 9 million square kilometers, what is the arithmetic density of the U.S.?

Dividing the total population or number of people, by the total area.

\
34 people per square kilometer

Expansion diffusion (Hierarchical, Stimulus, Contagious)

Examples

Hierarchical diffusion

hierarchical diffusion - the spread of an idea through an. the established structure usually from: □ people of/with power to people of/with less/no power

\
Hydroflask water bottles

Stimulus diffusion

When an idea diffuses from its cultural hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters.

\
When Chicken tikka masala was made in the UK with influence from Indian food.

Contagious diffusion

the process of an idea being spread rapidly throughout the population; all places and individuals in the region are affected.

\
Coronavirus

Relocation diffusion

When people move, or relocate, they spread ideas along with them.

\
Muslims relocated, taking Islam with them.

Chapter 2 - Population

Chapter 2 - Population

Where in the world does the most rapid growth occur?

Sub-Saharan Africa

How do geographers describe overpopulation?

Too many people compared to resources.

The area on earth that is made up of permanent human settlement is called?

Ecumene

What is the most populous country in the world?

China

What four regions make up 2/3 of world population?

East Asia

South Asia

Southeast Asia

Europe

What regions do humans avoid and why?

High lands, too hot, too wet, too dry, too cold, because you can't grow crops and live easily.

What does physiological density measure? Why would it be useful

Measures the total number of people and divides them between the total amount of farmable land, helps people to know where to live and where crops can be gown = economic prosperity.

If country has more land then farmers is agricultural density high or low?

It would be low since each farmer has more land and meaning less clustered.

What conclusion can you make if a country has a larger physiological density than the arithmetic density?

Farmland being used by more people (higher population)

What can you conclude about India and the United kingdom having the same arithmetic density?

Similar size in population according to land.

What caused the annual global population growth rate to increase ten thousand years ago?

The agricultural revolution.

What caused the annual global population growth rate to increase two hundred years ago?

The industrial revolution

Explain the four stages of the demographic transition model.

\-1.) preindustrial: CBR and CDR are close keeping population level \n

2\.) urbanizing/industrial: improvements in healthcare, drop-in CDR but CBR same, increasing population \n

3\.) mature industrial stage: decreasing in CDR, economic development bring CBR down \n

4\.) post-industrial stage: population growth levels (evens out) because CBR and CDR reduce

The lowest crude birth rates are found in countries in which stage of the demographic transition model?

Stage 4

The highest crude death rates are found in countries in which stage of the demographic transition model?

Stage 1

Highest natural increase rates are found in which stage of the demographic transition model?

Stage 2

If Country X has a crude birth rate of 40 and a crude death rate of 15, while country X has a crude birth rate of 20 and a crude death rate of 9, which country has a higher natural increase rate? Why?

Country x because the difference is greater compared to Country y.

How would a country deal with a large aging population?

Increasing retirement age.

What primarily determines the shape of a country's population pyramid?

Age and sex structure of the population.

What would an "upside-down" population pyramid represent about a country?

Large amounts of old people compared to the younger population.

What is the current natural increase rate?

1\.2%

What is Thomas Malthus's theory?

Population growth will always tend to outrun the food supply and the betterment of humankind is impossible without strict limits on the reduction of population.

Chapter 3: Migration

Chapter 3: Migration

What does it mean if a country has a net-in migration?

A lot of people migrate ==to== the country.

What does it mean if a country has a net-out migration?

A lot of people migrate ==out== of the country

What are the 3 types of migration push and pull factors?

Social

\
Political

\
Economic

Refugees migrate because of which type of push factors?

Political (War)

What push factor led to the migration of the Irish in the 1840s?

Religious conflicts, lack of political autonomy and dire economic conditions.

What are the 3 largest groups of refugees?

Palestinian, Iraqi, Afghan (according to U.S)

What is the most important pull factors for migrants to North America?

Economic \~ opportunities for better employment, higher wages, facilities, better working conditions.

Which factor is most common for voluntary migration?

Economic

Which factor is the most common for forced migration?

Physical or environmental factors.

The greatest number of foreign-born residents can be found in what country?

The United States.

What caused migration rates to decline in the United States in the 1920s?

In 1921, Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act, which drastically scaled back the number of entries to the country and assigned new birthplace quotas.

What impact did the U.S. quota laws from 1920s-1960s on immigration?

Ensured the majority of migrants continued to be from Europe.

Explain the "brain drain" phenomenon.

The emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country.

Current U.S immigration policies?

Family-based (spouse, child, parents, etc.) \\n -skills-based (Ph.D., blue-collar jobs that other Americans don't want) \\n -quotas \\n -most Asian refugees are in America \\n -US has largest annual amount of incoming immigrants.

What country do the majority of illegal immigrants come from?

Mexico

What was the outcome of the 1986 immigration reform and control act?

This act introduced civil and criminal penalties to employers who knowingly hired undocumented immigrants or individuals unauthorized to work in the U.S.

What caused large levels of interregional migration in the U.S?

Opening up of the western territories.

What direction has the U.S. center of population moved over time?

Westwad

What is the current interregional trend in the U.S?

Cities to suburbs.

What is the most prominent type of intraregional migration in the world?

Rural areas to urban areas.

What is the most common environmental threat to people?

Too much or too little water.

Chapter 4 Folk and Popular Culture

Chapter 4 Folk and Popular Culture

What is the difference between a habit and a custom?

The difference is that traditions and customs are practiced over a long period by many people.

\
A habit is more informal and is usually limited to one person.

\
Custom India - bowing down to elders

\
Habit - studying every night

How does folk culture and pop culture differ from one another?

Pop culture is often used to refer to popular music, movies, and TV shows.

\
Folk culture is used to refer to the traditions and customs that make up the cultural identity of a local group of people.

What type of culture varies from place to place at a given time?

Folk culture

What type of culture varies from time to time at a given place?

Pop culture

Folk culture is primarily spread by?

Relocation diffusion

Pop culture is primarily spread by?

Through rapid electronic communications and transportation networks.

Where does folk culture originate?

Unknown or multiple origins.

Where does pop culture originate?

Popular culture is most often a product of the economically more developed countries (MDCs), especially North America, Western Europe, and Japan.

How do folk songs differ from popular songs?

Folk songs often have content about the stages and events and life and is often transmitted orally.

How does a group of people maintain their cultural diversity?

By preserving traditions and rituals and speaking the language, Will help keep culture alive.

A taboo against pork is the characteristic of which two monotheistic religions?

Islam and Judaism

What type of culture will result in a uniform landscape?

Popular culture

How does global diffusion from pop culture threat folk culture?

As more pop culture spreads more people forget about they’re own culture resulting in the culture slowly dying.

Chapter 5 - language

Chapter 5 - language

What tribes were included in the Germanic invaders of England?

Angles

\
Jutes

\
Saxons

Why are there different dialects in England?

Because different tribes invaded different parts.

How are British and American English different?

They are different in pronunciation and spelling. American English is different from British English because of American isolation.

What is a isogloss?

An “isogloss” is a boundary line between two distinct linguistic regions.

\
US Canada border divided up American english and canadian english

What happens when a group of people speak the same language but are isolated?

Since the changes wont be shared amongst the languages both of them will develop slowly forming their own distinct language.

What is the difference between language family, branch, and group?

A language family is a group of different languages that all descend from a particular common language.

\
Language branch A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago.

\
Language group A Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

Origins of English

Language family - Indo-European

\
Language branch - Germanic languages

\
Language group - West germanic

What is the largest language family?

Indo-European

What is the second largest language family?

Sino-Tibetan

What is the most widely spoken language in Brazil?

Portuguese

What is a creolized language?

A creole is believed to arise when a pidgin, developed by adults for use as a second language, becomes the native and primary language of their children – a process known as nativization.

What is the most widely spoken indo-european language?

English

Russian is part of which language branch

Eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages.

What is a revived language?

A language that has been revived from extinction or almost dying.

\
Example Hebrew

What does the survival of language depend on?

The key to survival is that two languages must be spoken by enough people to begin with and they must be sufficiently similar.

What is a lingua franca?

A language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.

What type of language has no native speakers?

Pidgin languages have no native speakers.

Chapter 6 - Religion

Chapter 6 - Religion

What are branches denominations and sects?

Branch (Religious Branch) A large and fundamental division within a religion.

\
Denomination. A division of a branch of a religion that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body.

\
Sect a relatively small breakaway from a religion.