Anml SC 501 - Exam #2: Nutrition (Missing Dairy Industry)

rumination

Eating rapidly, regurgitating and masticating their feed. (Chewing their cud)

minks and cats

True Carnivores

cattle, sheep, horses and goats

True Herbivores

minks and dogs

Monogastric animals

mechanical breakdown

________________________ of food involves Chewing and Contractions of digestive tract

chemical breakdown

________________________ of food involves HCL in the stomach as well as Enzymes

prehension

(Mechanical breakdown)

Bringing the food to the mouth

• Upper limbs, head, beak, claws, mouth, teeth and lips

mastication

(Mechanical breakdown)

To crush the food, increase surface area and allow enzymes to act on molecules

• Carnivores need only to reduce the size of the particle

• Herbivores must chew continuously (40-50,000 times a day)

teeth

(Mechanical breakdown)

Carnivores

• Sharp incisors, pointed canine __________

• fewer molars

maxilla

(Mechanical breakdown)

Herbivores

• Incisors

  • may not be present on __________

grinding

(Mechanical breakdown)

Omnivores

• sharp incisors and canines

• ________ molars

pH, pepsin

(Chemical breakdown)

• Hydrochloric acid

  • low ______

  • activates __________

catalyst, ase

(Chemical breakdown)

• Enzymes

  • organic __________

  • names end in _____

amylase

(Digestive tract Enzymes…)

Produces disaccharides

chymotrypsin

(Digestive tract Enzymes…)

Produces peptides

lipase

(Digestive tract Enzymes…)

Produces galactose, Fatty acids, and glycerides

pepsin and trypsin

(Digestive tract Enzymes…)

Substrates protein and produces polypeptide

peptidase

(Digestive tract Enzymes…)

Substrates peptides

sucrase

(Digestive tract Enzymes…)

Substrates sucrose

mouth

(Chemical breakdown)

Amylase in saliva of humans and pigs breaks down starch to disaccharides and dextrin in the ______________

HCL

(Chemical breakdown)

Creates the acidic enviorment in the stomach.

pepsin

(Chemical breakdown)

Breaks down proteins into polypeptides in the stomach

lipase

(Chemical breakdown)

Turns lipids into fatty acids and glycerides in the pancreas

trypsin

(Chemical breakdown)

Turns proteins into polypeptides in the pancreas

amylase

(Chemical breakdown)

Turns starch into disaccharides and dextrin

gall bladder

(Chemical breakdown)

produces bile

bile

(Chemical breakdown)

Emulsifies fats

horses and rats

Animals that do not have gallbladders naturally

small intestines

• Amino acids, fatty acids and monosaccharides are available for absorption.

• covered by villi

• Final breakdown and absorption of nutrients occurs here

larges intestines

Adsorbs mostly water

• Includes cecum, colon and rectum

• aids in fiber break down in horses

mouth, reduce

(Monogastric)

Feed passes from the________ to the stomach through the esophagus to ________ the size of the feed particles

jejunum

(Monogastric)

Second part of the small intestine

• Additional digestion and Absorption of nutrients

ileum

(Monogastric)

Third part of the small intestine

• To split food molecules and absorb nutrients

nonfunctional

(Monogastric)

A simple stomached ______________ cecum

cecum and colon

Store undigested feed and absorb water.

rectum and anus

(Monogastric)

• Nondigested feed —> feces

• Problems to look out for: Scours and Constipation

omnivores, B complex vitamins

Human and Pig Similarities

• Both are _____________

• Cannot synthesize _____________________

fermented

(Monogastric)

Horses have a cecum where feed in ____________

esophagus, small intestines

(Monogastric)

Functional cecum digestive system

• Mouth

• ___________

• Stomach

• ___________________ (d, j, i)

• Large intestines (functional cecum, colon, rectum, anus)

equine

Stomach is similar to monogastric system.

cecum

Equines have no gall bladder so they have a enlarged __________ to aid in fiber breakdown.

colon

Takes up most of the volume of the equine digestive system.

pancreas

• produces and secretes digestive enzymes

• produces insulin which regulates carbohydrate metabolism

• secretes enzymes which breaks down fat and starches

iron

Liver

• produces bile-breaks down fatty acids

• stores ______

proventriculus

(avian)

glandular stomach (HCL and gastric juices); enzymatic

ceca

(avian)

Essentially non functioning on monogastric

vent

(avian)

Common exit for GI and urinary tract

gastrointestinal tract

Why can’t we live off of the same things cows eat?

reticulum and omasum

Important parts of the Ruminant Digestion

mangets

_____________ are placed into many dairy animals reticulum’s.

80

Abomasum is ___________% of the calf stomach.

protein

• Amino acids

• carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

16

How much protein is in feed?

• Amino acids —>______% Nitrogen

soybean, cottonseed, linseed, peanut

_____________, ____________, ______________, and ___________ meals are examples of Crude Protein

alfalfa

____________ hay is a Crude Protein

DM and Moisture

What remains when water is removed from a feed.  While water is an essential nutrient, water contains NO energy needed for production.

ADF

______________ increases with plant maturity.

• Plant cell showing cell wall structure

digestible energy

The amount of energy in a feed digested by the animal, expressed in Mcal or Kcal

DE = GE - energy found in the feces

Digestible energy equation

net energy

The amount of energy in a feed used for specific body functions.

NE = GE - (fecal energy + gaseous & urinary energy + heat increment)

Net energy equation

2.25

Fats

• Fatty acids + glycerol

• ________ x energy in CHO

inorganic

Minerals are _________________

macro-

Ca,P, Na, Cl, S, K, Mg

• required in larger amounts

micro-

Mn, Se, Cu, Zn, Fe, Co, Mo, I, Cr, Si

• required in smaller amounts

calcium and phosphorus

Minerals involved in skeletal formation

iron

Mineral involved in oxygen transport

sodium, chlorine, and potassium

Minerals involved in fluid balance and acid-base balance

calcium and selenium

Minerals involved in mineral/vitamin relationships

vitamins

Essential for health, reproduction, lactation, growth, general maintenance.

bloat

Disorder originating from…

• Legume and succulent forages

• trocar

hardware disease

Disorder originating from wire or nails lodged in the reticulum

ketosis

Disorder originating from…

• sudden need for extra energy

• challenge feeding, DCAD

milk fever

Disorder originating from sudden need for Ca (lactation)

acidosis

Disorder originating from excess grain consumption (ruminants)

goiter

Iodine deficiency

colic

Most common nutritional disorder in horses

anemia

Disorder originating from Fe-dextran

1841

Date of first problem with rail shipment of milk.

1890

Babcock Test (fat), TB Testing

homogenization

1919 - ___________________

• breaks up fats

1939

Date A.I. (artificial insemination) was invented

1.71

The number of cows California has in 2021, becoming the top state.

____________ million

california

Top total cows/ Milk Production

wisconsin 17,366

Number 1 Dairy state and numbers

2,144

Californias number of dairies

1

_____ out of every 5 lbs. Cheese comes from CA.