Principles of Biomedical Science final

Epidemiologist

A branch of medical science that deals with the incident, distribution, causes, and control of health problems in a population.

Endemic

An outbreak of disease that spreads quickly and affects any individuals at the same time.

Outbreak

A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a specific area or population.

Pandemic

An epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area, often affecting multiple countries or continents.

Nosocomial

referring to infections acquired in a hospital or healthcare setting.

Peptidoglycan

A complex polymer found in the cell wall of bacteria

Infection

The establishment of a disease causing microorganism within a host

Disease

A disorder if structure or function in an organism that results in specific symptoms and signs.

Prions

Non-living submicroscopic proteins, caused by consumption of meat tainted with prions or contaminated medical equipment. EX. Jakob disease

Viruses

Any large group of nonliving infective agents. Viruses are not cellar and require a host to replicate. EX. the flu

Bacteria

Single-celled organisms that can be beneficial or pathogenic, reproducing through binary fission. They are found in various environments and play crucial roles in processes like fermentation and nitrogen fixation. EX. tuberculous

Protists

Living microscopic animal-like cells that that are caused with food/water contaminated with feces. EX. E. Coli

Fungi

Living multicellular fungi like yeast and mold. EX. athletes foot

Helminths

Living multicellular worms, occurs through consumption of contaminated food or being bit by contaminated insect. EX. Tapeworm

Innate immunity

Non-specific immune defense mechanisms that we are born with.

Acquired immunity

Specific immune defense mechanisms. This form of immunity is acquired over a lifetime like a vaccine

Herd immunity

Occurs when the majority of a population develops immunity against a contagious disease through vaccine.

Vaccine

A substance used to stimulate an immune response to create antibodies and provide immunity to specific infection.

Etiology

The cause of a disease or condition

Morphology

The study of the size, shape, structure of microorganism.

Genus

A taxonomic category ranking used in biological classification that is below family and above species

Bacterial Culture

A test to identify whether you have a bacterial infection

Isolation streak

A technique used to isolate a pure strain from a single species of microorganism often bactera

Coccus

Any spherical or generally round bacterium plural cocci

Aseptic technique

A method used to prevent contamination with microorganisms

Bacillus

A rod-shaped (cylindrical) bacterium; plural is bacilii

Spirillum

A spiral shaped bacterium.

Antigen

A substance that induces an immune response, typically by being recognized as foreign, leading to the production of antibodies.

Antibody

A protein produced by B cells in the blood; work to impair pathogens

T-cell

A type of white blood cell produced by the rhymes and involved in the immune response

B-cell

A type of lymphocyte (WBC) that matures in bone marrow and produce antibodies

EMT

a specially trained medical technician certified to provide basic emergencies services before and during transportation to a hospital

Paramedic

A person who works in a health field by helping a physician

Disaster response technician

Work on sites of events like oil spills to clean up toxic materials

Emergency medicine physician

stabilize and treat patients who are experiencing acute health problems or traumatic injuries

Emergency medicine nurse practitioner

Nurse practitioners who work In emergency departments or urgent care facilities providing critical care

Emergency service coordinator

Analyze patient care medical reports for quality assurance with clinical protocols and the billing process

Triage nurse

Nurses who work in triage and establish needs of patients

Emergency communications specialist

Answering 911 calls

Spine board

A medical device used for spinal stabilization

Cervical fracture

When there is a fracture or break in the bone of the neck

Stridor

Noisy breathing that occurs due to obstructed air flow through a narrow airway

Skin turf or

The skin’s elasticity ability of skin to change shape and then return to normal

Eternal drugs

Medication that enter through the digestive system like oral or liquid meds

Parental drugs

Meds that enter the body in a manner other than the digestive system like vaccines

Isotonic

Solutions that have solutes of EQUAL concentration

Hypotonic

Solutions that have solutes of LOWER concentration compared to another solution. Water goes INTO the cell

Hypertonic

When comparing two solution the one with the great solute concentration. Water LEAVES the cell.

Anaphylaxis

Severe life threatening allergic reaction

What are the ABC’s

Airway

Breathing

Circulation

Name 3 types of injections

Intravenous injection: delivers medicine directly into vein

Intramuscular injection: delivers medicine into muscle tissue

Subcutaneous injection: delivers medicine into the tissue layer under the skin and above the muscles.

What type of bleeding is more urgent to treat?

arterial bleeding

ABCS to control bleeding

Alert

Bleeding

Compress

Medical surge

Occurs when the number of new patients challenges or exceeds a hospitals ability to serve all of them

Surge capacity

Refers to the ability to care for an increased volume of patients that challenges or exceeds normal operations. This is a measure of how many patients a medical facility can triage.

In 2 or more sentences describe how the words: infection, host, pathogen, and disease connect to one another?

A pathogen is a microorganism, such as a virus or bacteria, that causes an infection when it invades a host organism. This infection can disrupt the host’s normal functions, leading to a disease, which manifests as symptoms or health problems.

What can the infectious dose indicate about how dangerous an organism is?

The infectious dose indicates how many organisms (bacteria, viruses, etc.) are required to cause an infection. The lower the infectious dose, the more dangerous the organism, as it can cause illness with fewer pathogens.

Identify the etiology of both of the flu and familial hypercholesterolemia

Flu:influenza virus

FH:genetic mutation

Why is aseptic technique important for a microbiologist to know?

Prevents contamination of samples and ensures accurate results

Why are gram negative typically more dangerous than gram positive?

They have an outer membrane with endotoxins making them resistant to antibodies.

Color differences between gram positive or gram negative?

Gram positive- purples

Gram negative- pink

Diplo

Pair

strepto

chain

How can herd immunity be acquired?

Through widespread vaccination

What does a RO indicate about a pathogen?

The average # of people a single infected person can infect

Differentiate between the primary assessment and secondary assessment?

Primary: immediate life threats

Secondary: detailed evaluation

what’s the normal dose for a patient over 95 pounds?

>66 pounds=29.937 kilograms 0.3 dose

Explain the connection between solution, solvents,solutes, and osmosis

Solute dissolves in solvent to form a solution, osmosis moves water across membranes

What saline would you give a dehydrated patient?

Isotonic

What are the abcs of bleeding control

Alert, bleeding, compress

Why is arterial bleed typically more dangerous than a venous bleed?

Arterial: rapid, life threatening

Venous: slower flow

Explain how to clamp and ligate an artery

Use clumps to close; tie ligate securely

Describe 4 triage categories

Immediate, semi-urgent, urgent, emergent

Sporadic disease

A disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly

epidemic

An outbreak or disease that spreads quickly and affects many individuals at the same time

Patient liaison

Serves as a key point of contact between patients and medical provider

Medical assistant

Unlicensed individuals who perform non-invasive routine technical support services under supervision of a physician

Non-physician practitioner

Highly trained and skilled clinicians that either work in collaboration with or under supervision of a physician

Chief complaint

A concise statement describing the symptom, problem, condition, diagnosis, and physical recommended return

Triage

The sorting and prioritization of patients based on urgency of their needs for care

Systole

The stage in a heartbeat when contraction of the heart pushes blood OUT of the chambers and INTO the aorta and pulmonary artery

Sphygmomanometer

an instrument for measuring blood pressure and arterial blood pressure

Diastole

The stage of a heartbeat when the heart is RELAXED and the heart chambers fill with blood

Hypertension

An abnormally high blood pressure

Oxygen saturation

Measures how much hemoglobin is bound to oxygen compared to how much hemoglobin remains unbound

BMI

A measure that related body weight to height, BMI is sometimes used to measure how healthy a person is

Palpating

A method of feeling with fingers or hands during a physical examination

Complete blood count (CBC)

A group of blood tests that measure the number and size of different cells in your body

Hematocrit

The proportion by volume of blood that is made up of red blood cells

Total cholesterol

The total amount of cholesterol that’s circulating in your blood

Diabetes

A chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body can’t use it.

Insulin

A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood

Glucagon

A hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels in the blood

Glycogen

The stormed fork of glucose that’s made up of many connected glucose molecules

Biosensors

Devices that detect biological analytes by converting a biological response into an electrical signal.

Type 1 diabetes

A form of diabetes that usually develops during childhood, characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin leading to high blood glucose levels

Type 2 diabetes

Develops in adults most often obese individuals. Type of is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from improved insulin use coupled with the body’s inability to complenstate insulin it’s increased insulin production

Health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPPAA)

Establishes federal standards protecting sensitive health information from disclosure without patients consent

What are key differences between licensed practical nurses (LPN), registered nurse (RN), and nurse practitioner (NP)?

- LPNs provide basic nursing care under supervision and require a diploma. - RNs have an associate or bachelor's degree and can perform more complex procedures, often managing patient care. - NPs hold advanced degrees (master's or doctorate) and can diagnose and treat conditions, prescribing medications independently.

Briefly describe the 4 components of medical history

Chief complaint- reason for patients visit

Patient history of present illness- detailed account of symptoms

Past medical history- overview on previous medical illness

Family history-info on genetic conditions