Glycolysis and Fermentation Steps

NO GLUCONEOGENESIS

trap/modify glucose

what does stage one of glycolysis do?

hexokinase

what is the enzyme that converts glucose to G-6P?

G-6P

what is the product of the reaction between glucose and hexokinase?

galactose

this sugar can enter the glycolysis pathway by directly becoming 6-GP

phosphoglucose isomerase

this enzyme catalyzes the isomerization of G-6P to F-6P

fructose (adipose)

this sugar can enter the glycolysis pathway by directly becoming F-GP

F-6P

what is the outcome of the reaction between G-6P and phosphoglucose isomerase?

PFK

what enzyme catalyzes the conversion of F-6P to F-1,6-BP?

F-1,6-BP

what is the product from the reaction of F-6P and PFK?

its the rate limiting step

what is special about the step of glycolysis converting F-6P to F-1,6-BP with PFK?

aldose

this enzyme catalyzes the conversion of F-1,6-BP into GAP and DHAP

GAP, DHAP

what are the products of the reaction between F-1,6-BP and aldose?

fructose (liver)

this sugar can enter the glycolysis pathway by directly becoming GAP

fructose (liver)

this sugar can enter the glycolysis pathway by directly becoming DHAP

TPI

this enzyme catalyzes the conversion of DHAP to GAP

GAP

the reaction of DHAP with TPI yields this

ATP, Mn/Mg

the first step of glycolysis, converting glucose to G-6P, require what two things?

ATP

the conversion of F-6P to F-1,6-BP requires what?

2

how many GAP does F-1,6-BP ultimately produce?

GAP dehydrogenase

this enzyme catalyzes the reaction of GAP to 1,3-BPG

1,3-BPG

reacting GAP with GAP hydrogenase results in what product?

NADH, H+

the conversion of GAP to 1,3-BPG results in two of each of these being made

NAD+, Pi

the conversion of GAP to 1,3-BPG requires two of these to procede

3-PG

1,3-BPG reacted with PG kinase produces what?

PG kinase

this enzyme catalyzes 1,3-BPG to 3-PG

ATP

the conversion of 1,3-BPG to 3-PG results in the creation of two what?

PG mutase

this enzyme helps turn 3-PG to 2-PG

2-PG

the reaction of 3-PG with PG mutase yields what?

2,3-BPG

PG mutase requires a catalytic amount of this to maintain the active site His residue

enolase

this enzyme catalyzes the conversion of 2-PG to PEP

PEP

this product results from the reaction of 2-PG with enolase

pyruvate kinase

this enzyme catalyzes the reaction of PEP to pyruvate

pyruvate

this is the product from the reaction of PEP with pyruvate kinase

ATP

in addition to creating pyruvate, the final stage of glycolysis also makes two of these molecules

oxidize structures and make energy

the second stage of glycolysis serve what function?

glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ = 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ +2 H2O

what is the next reaction of glycolysis?

oxidation

under aerobic conditions pyruvate will undergo what?

fermentation

under anaerobic conditions pyruvate will undergo what?

NAD+

fermentation of pyruvate serves to regenerate what molecule (needed in glycolysis)?

pyruvate decarboxylase

this enzyme helps convert pyruvate into acetaldehyde

alcohol dehydrogenase

this enzyme helps convert acetaldehyde into ethanol

CO2

what is released in the transition from pyruvate to acedehyde?

NAD+

what is release in the transition from acetaldehyde to ethanol?

2

how many ATP are generate from ethanol and lactic acid fermentation?

lactate dehydrogenase

this enzyme helps convert pyruvate to lactate

CO2, H+

the only different between the net reactions of ethanol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is the presence of these two thing in ethanol fermentation

ATP, pH

this inhibits PFK

G-6P

this inhibits hexokinase

ATP

this inhibits pyruvate kinase

glucokinase

this is in the liver, and is an isozyme of hexokinase that is not inhibited by G-6P

galactose

what sure is UDP-glucose derived from?

hexokinase, PFK, pyruvate kinase

in glycolysis these three enzymes catalyze irreversible reactions

feedforward stimulation

occurs when products of a preceding irreversible step activate the enzyme