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allegory
the device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning
alliteration
the repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words
allusion
a direct or indirect reference to something which is commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art
ambiguity
the multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage
analogy
a similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them
anecdote
a short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event, mainly an incident in the life of a person
antecedent
the word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun
aphorism
a terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or moral principle
apostrophe
a figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction such as liberty or love, address to someone or something that cannot answer
atmosphere
the emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author’s choice of objects that are described
clause
a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.
independent clauses express complete thoughts and can stand alone as sentence
dependent/subordinate clauses cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause
colloquial/colloquialism
the use of slang or informalities in speech or writing
coherence
a principle demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intellegible
conceit
a fanciful expression, usually in the form on an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seeming dissimilar objects
connotation
the nonliteral, associative meaning of a word, the implied/suggested meaning
denotation
the strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color
diction
the writer’s word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness
didactic
from the greek didactic, means “teaching”. didactic works have the aim of teaching, especially moral or ethical principles
euphemism
more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept
exposition
one of the chief types of composition, work meant to explain something, most often the intro
extended metaphor
metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work
figurative language
writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid
figure of speech
a device used to produce figurative language, many compare dissimilar things
generic conventions
describes traditions for each genre and help to define each genre
genre
the major category into which a literary work fits
hyperbole
a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement
imagery
the sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions
inference/infer
to draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented
invective
an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language
irony/ironic
the contrast between what is explicitly stated and what is really meant. three types, verbal, dramatic and situational
loose sentence
a type of sentence in which the main idea (ind clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses
metaphor
a figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity
metonymy
a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it
mood
grammatical mood deals with verbal units and a speaker’s attitude
imperative mood is used for commands prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work
narrative
the telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events
onomatopoeia
a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of simple words
oxymoron
figure of speech where the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox
paradox
a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity
parallelism
the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. ex repetition
parody
a work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule
pedantic
an adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish
periodic sentence
a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end, the ind clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. intent is to add emphasis and structural variety
personification
a figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions
point of view
the perspective from which a story is told, includes first person ( i statements), second person (you statements), third person (watches from outside)
prose
one of the major division of genre, refers to fiction and nonfiction including all forms
repetition
the duplication of any element of language such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern
rhetoric
describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively
rhetorical modes
the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing
sarcasm
involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something, can use irony
satire
a work that targets human vises and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule
semantics
the branch of linguistics that studies the meaning or words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another
style
an evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending literary devices
classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors
subordinate clause
contains both a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone because it does not express a complete thought
syllogism
a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion
symbol/symbolism
anything that represents itself and stands for something else
syntax
the way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences
theme
the central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life
thesis
the thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author’s opinion, purpose, meaning, or position
tone
describes the author’s attitude toward his material, the audience, or both
transition
a word or phrase that links different ideas
trope
an artful variation from expected modes of expression of thoughts and ideas, a figure of speech involving a turn or change of sense. ex metaphors
understatement
the ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is
undertone
an attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece
unreliable narrator
an untrustworthy or naive commentator on events and characters in a story
wit
intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights, usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement