Mitochondria + Chloroplast Structure & Adaptations

What is the main function of mitochondria?

Produce ATP by aerobic respiration

Why does the mitochondrion have a double membrane?

To separate stages of respiration and maintain gradients

What is the outer membrane's role?

Controls movement of substances into the mitochondrion

What is the inner membrane folded into?

Cristae

Why are cristae important?

Increase surface area for ATP production

What occurs on the inner membrane?

Electron transport chain and ATP synthase

What is the intermembrane space used for?

Proton accumulation

Why is the intermembrane space small?

Allows rapid proton buildup

What happens in the mitochondrial matrix?

Link reaction and Krebs cycle

Why is compartmentalisation useful?

Increases efficiency and separates reactions

What creates the proton gradient in mitochondria?

Electron transport chain

What directly powers ATP synthase?

Proton flow

What would happen if cristae were fewer?

Less ATP produced

What is ATP synthase?

Enzyme that synthesizes ATP

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Carry out photosynthesis

What is the chloroplast envelope?

Double membrane surrounding the chloroplast

What is a thylakoid?

Membrane sac where light reactions occur

What is the thylakoid lumen?

Space where protons accumulate

What is a granum?

Stack of thylakoids

Why are grana important?

Increase surface area for light absorption

What are lamellae?

Membranes connecting grana

What occurs in the thylakoid membrane?

Light-dependent reactions

What occurs in the stroma?

Calvin cycle

Why is a small thylakoid space important?

Rapid proton gradient formation

Where are photosystems located?

Thylakoid membrane

What is the advantage of stacked thylakoids?

More pigment and more light absorption

What structure makes ATP in chloroplasts?

ATP synthase

What is analogous to the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Thylakoid membrane

What happens if proton gradient collapses?

ATP synthesis stops

Why is compartmentalisation important in chloroplasts?

Separates light and Calvin reactions

What increases efficiency of photosynthesis structurally?

Grana and lamellae

Where is NADP⁺ reduced?

Thylakoid membrane

Which structure holds enzymes for Calvin cycle?

Stroma

What is the main adaptation of both mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Large surface area for membranes