Period 5-6 APUSH

Pinkerton National Detective Agency

A private detective agency used by businesses to infiltrate labor unions

Homestead Strike (1892)

A violent labor dispute at Carnegie Steel's Homestead plant in Pennsylvania

Henry Clay Frick

Industrialist and owner of Carnegie Steel

Carnegie Steel

Founded by Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie

Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist who led the expansion of the steel industry and became one of the wealthiest men of his time.

John D. Rockefeller

Founder of Standard Oil

Standard Oil

A company founded by John D. Rockefeller

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

The first major federal legislation to address anti-competitive practices and monopolies

Molly Maguires

A secret society of Irish coal miners in Pennsylvania who fought against the oppressive conditions of the coal industry

Pullman Company

A manufacturer of railroad cars

Pullman Strike (1894)

Nationwide strike led by Eugene V. Debs that shut down railroads and was broken by federal troops

Eugene V. Debs

Labor leader and founder of the American Railway Union

Social Darwinism

A belief that the fittest individuals or businesses would naturally thrive

American Railway Union (ARU)

A labor union led by Eugene V. Debs that represented railroad workers and played a significant role in the Pullman Strike.

Knights of Labor

A nationwide labor union that aimed to unite all workers

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

A federation of trade unions that focused on skilled labor and better wages

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

A radical labor union also known as the "Wobblies

Collective Bargaining

The process by which workers demand improvements

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

A nationwide strike in response to wage cuts by railroad companies

Bread and Roses Strike (1912)

A textile strike in Lawrence

Tenement Housing

Overcrowded

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

A federal law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States

Immigration Act of 1882

Law that imposed a head tax on immigrants and excluded individuals considered undesirable

Ellis Island

The primary immigration station in New York Harbor where millions of immigrants passed through from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century.

Angel Island

An immigration station in San Francisco Bay where many Chinese immigrants were detained and questioned before being allowed entry into the U.S.

New Immigrants

Refers to the wave of immigrants arriving in the U.S. from Southern and Eastern Europe (e.g.

Old Immigrants

Refers to earlier waves of immigration

Nativism

The belief that native-born Americans are superior to immigrants

Urbanization

The rapid growth of cities due to the migration of people from rural areas and the influx of immigrants

Social Gospel Movement

A religious movement that applied Christian ethics to social problems

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair's novel that exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry

Progressivism

A political movement that sought to address the negative effects of industrialization

Muckraking Journalism

Investigative journalism that exposed corruption

Ida Tarbell

Muckraker who exposed the monopolistic practices of John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil in The History of the Standard Oil Company.

Hull House

Settlement house founded by Jane Addams in Chicago to provide services to the poor

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

A leading organization in the temperance movement that advocated for the prohibition of alcohol and women's rights.

Immigrant Ghettos

Areas in cities where immigrant populations

Laissez-Faire Economics

The economic theory advocating minimal government intervention in the market

Vertical Integration

A business strategy used by Andrew Carnegie

Horizontal Integration

A business strategy used by John D. Rockefeller in which he bought out competitors in the same industry to increase control over the market.

Buffalo Soldiers

African American soldiers who served in the U.S. Army during the Indian Wars

Dawes Act (1887)

Legislation that aimed to assimilate Native Americans by breaking up tribal lands into individual plots for farming

Bureau of Indian Affairs

A federal agency responsible for managing relations with Native American tribes and overseeing their reservations

Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)

A conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the U.S. Army over control of the Bozeman Trail and military forts in the western territories.

Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)

The killing of over 200 Native American Lakota Sioux by U.S. soldiers in South Dakota

Ghost Dance Movement

A Native American religious movement that foretold the return of deceased ancestors and the removal of white settlers

Indian Removal Act (1830)

The federal law that led to the forced relocation of Native American tribes to lands west of the Mississippi River

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

The Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of "separate but equal."

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Landmark Supreme Court decision that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Poll Taxes

Taxes imposed on voters

Grandfather Clause

A law that allowed individuals to vote only if their grandfather had voted

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

A leading organization in the women's suffrage movement that advocated for women's right to vote in the U.S.

Suffragette

A woman who advocated for the right to vote

Monroe Doctrine

A U.S. policy that warned European powers against interfering in the Americas

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the U.S. was destined by God to expand across the North American continent

Populist Party

A political party formed by farmers and laborers in the late 19th century that called for economic reforms

Farmers’ Alliances

Groups of farmers who organized to demand economic reforms

Knights of Labor

A nationwide labor union that aimed to unite all workers

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

A federation of trade unions that focused on skilled labor and better wages