lecture recordings notes

episiostomy

surgical widening of vaginal opening

cervical stretching

__________ triggers a neuroendocrine reflex, posterior pituitary releases oxytocin, which causes more uterine contractions and cervical stretching

artificial oxytocin

given to induce labor

ischemia

first pain experienced during labor is due to ______ of the uterus, contractions restrict circulation

dilation stage

longest stage of labor

cervical canal dilates to 10 cm and cervix thins (effacement)

rupture of fetal membranes and loss of amniotic fluids (water breaking)

expulsion stage

stage of labor from entry of head into vagina until the baby is out

usually lasts 30-60

includes crowning of the fetus’s head

blood from umbilical cord is drained into baby, then is clamped and cut

shoulders of baby are uneven to make it through the narrow opening

placental stage

uterine contractions cause placental separation

afterbirth is inspected to ensure all components have been expelled

puerperium

first 6 weeks postpartum

uterus involutes by 50% in the first week

• self digestion of uterine cells

• initially bloody discharge, then turns serous

• breastfeeding promotes involution by suppressing estrogen and stimulating oxytocin

lactation

synthesis and ejection of milk from mammary glands

can last one week to many years

current average is 6 months

estrogen

________ promotes the growth of mammary glands

prolactin

_________ promotes lactation and milk synthesis

progesterone

_________ stimulates development of mammary acini + larger tubes

GnRH

_____ is inhibited during breastfeeding, making it hard to get pregnant while breastfeeding

oxytocin

________ is released in response to infants suckling, which stimulates smooth muscle contraction

hormonal birth control

method of birth control that prevents ovulation by preventing follicles from maturing by supplementing estrogen and progesterone

morning after pill

method of contraception that changes the chemical environment of the endometrium

induces menstruation which inhibits the movement of sperm + egg

RU - 46

method of birth control that is a progesterone antagonist

induces an abortion up to 2 months into pregnancy

intrauterine devices

method of birth control that irritates the lining of the uterus and interferes with implantation

may be supplemented with hormones

y chromosome

male chromosome

contains SRY region (sex determining region)

XXY/XXXY

Klinefelter syndrome

sterile male with an effeminate appearance, cognitively delayed or average

XXX

1/1000 births, fertile female with an “older” appearance, physically larger

XYY

Jacobs syndrome

Sterile male, taller than average and cognitively normal

androgen insensitivity

male chromosomes, have SRY region but cannot respond to male sex hormones

can be partial or total hermaphrodite

males

gender where mesonephric ducts become the reproductive tract and paramesonephric ducts degenerate

females

gender where paramesonephric ducts become the reproductive tract and mesonephric ducts degenerate

female

________ development occurs in the absence of androgens, NOT the presence of estrogen as all fetuses are exposed to estrogen in the womb

genital tubercule

becomes glans penis or clitoris

urogenital folds

form penis or labia minora

labioscrotal folds

becomes scrotum or labia majora

spermatic cord

bundle of fibrous connective tissue that carries sperm away from gonads

scrotum

bag of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that contains male gonads

testes

endocrine and exocrine, produce male sex hormones and sperm

seminiferous tubules

ducts where sperm are produced, 1-3/lobe

lined with germ cells that are constantly dividing to produce new sperm

nurse cells between germ cells protect germ cells and provide nutrients

leydig cells

clusters of cells between seminiferous tubules that produce testosterone

blood testes barrier

formed by tight junctions between adjacent nurse cells, keeps immune cells from targeting developing sperm

efferent ductules

carry sperm away from testes to epididymis

epididymis

site of sperm maturation and storage

sperm can remain viable here for 40-60 days

vas deferens

muscular tube with lots of peristaltic movements, innervated by sympathetic stimulation

ejaculatory duct

formed by the joining of the vas deferens and seminal vesicle duct

distinct from prostatic urethra

seminal vesicles

forms 60% of semen

empties into ejaculatory duct, posterior of urinary bladder

prostate gland

single gland, produces thin milky secretions that make up 30% of semen

bulbourethral glands

produce slippery alkaline fluid that lubricates glans penis and neutralizes urine in the urethra. also helps to neutralize the acidic environment of the vagina

adolescence

period from onset of gonadotropin secretion and reproductive development to attaining full height

puberty

first few years of adolescence until first ejaculatory event

GnRH

hypothalamus secretes ______ which causes anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

LH (male)

hormone that stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone

FSH (male)

hormone that acts are nurse cells in testes, causes the binding of testosterone so it remains in the testes which stimulates spermatogenesis

inhibin

nurse cells in testes release ______ which neutralizes FSH and downregulates activity

hypothalamus

testosterone travels to ______ and inhibits GnRH

anterior pituitary

testosterone travels to ______ and makes it less receptive to GnRH

inhibin

______ suppresses FSH which inhibits sperm production without inhibiting testosterone

spermatogenesis

sperm production in seminiferous tubules

1. germ cells are converted to sperm cells

2. chromosomes are converted from diploid to haploid

3. shuffling of genes so each chromosome contains genetic variations that are not present in parent

acrosome

portion of sperm at the top of the head that contains digestive enzymes that penetrate the egg

x

x

principle piece

portion of sperm tail that constitutes the bulk of the flagella

seminal vesicles

60% of semen comes from….

prostatic fluid

30% of semen comes from…..

sperm and spermatic duct secretions

10% of semen comes from…..

prostate

produces thin milky fluid that contains clotting enzymes that allows semen to remain near external os

contains alkaline fluids

contains protein hydrolyzing enzyme that breaks down semen after 10 minutes, allowing sperm to enter uterus

seminal vesicles

contribute to the viscous yellow fluid portion of semen

contains fructose and other carbs that nourish the sperm

contains prostaglandins that promote cervical dilation

excitement (m)

vasocongestion from parasympathetic stimulation

increase in muscle contraction, BP, and HR

erection triggered by NO secretion

plateau (m)

period after erection, before orgasm, can last for seconds or minutes, all variables such as BP and HR stay increased

orgasm and ejaculation

triggered by efferent sympathetic signals

lasts 3-15 seconds

marked by the discharge of semen

emission

sympathetic activation stimulates peristalsis of vas deferens

expulsion

muscular contractions stimulate the expulsion of semen

internal urethral sphincter is constricted

internal pudendal artery

becomes constricted after ejaculation causing penis to become flaccid

phosphodiesterase inhibitors

originally used to treat high BP, now used to treat ED. upregulates nitric oxide secretion, relaxes smooth muscle which allows more blood to flow to erectile tissue

proliferative phase

phase where the functional layer of the endometrium that was lost during last menstruation is rebuilt

as new follicles develop, they secrete more estrogen

estrogen stimulates mitosis in basal layer

estrogen stimulates endometrial cells to produce progesterone receptors

secretory phase

days 15-26 (right after ovulation0

endometrial glands secrete glycogen

endometrium grows thicker and more nutritious due to secretion and fluid accumulation, NOT mitosis

good site for implantation

premenstrual phase

phase w a decrease in progesterone

the final 2 days of the cycle

corpus luteum becomes the corpus albicans, releases less progesterone

causes necrosis of endometrium and menstrual cramps

menstrual phase

marked by the dishcarge of menstrual fluid from the vagina

fluid contains fibrinolysin so it does not clot

excitement and plateau (f)

labia minora protrudes beyond labia majora, flatten and spread away from vaginal orifice

increase in vaginal transducate: serous fluid that seeps through walls of vaginal canal

greater vestibular glands secretions moisten the vestibule

uterus stands more vertically

vaginal rugae become engorged with blood

upper end of vaginal canal becomes cavernous

orgasm (f)

uterus exhibits peristaltic contractions

paraurethral glands secrete serous fluid (female ejaculation)

increases the amount of sperm that enter the uterus, but is not required for conception

resolution (f)

uterus drops to resting position

orgasmic platform relaxes

vagina returns to normal size

*note that women do not have a refractory period

climacteric

midlife change in hormone secretion, accompanies by menopause

menopause

cessation of menstruation, specifically no period for one year

conceptus

all products of conception including the embryo/fetus, placenta, and associated membranes

blastocyst

hollow ball, what the baby is considered for the first 2 weeks

embryo

what the baby is considered from day 16 to week 8

fetus

what the baby is considered week 9 to birth, now is attached through umbilical cord to placenta

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

secreted by blastocyst and placenta

detected 8-9 days after conception, this is what pregnancy tessts detect

stimulates growth of corpus luteum, which promotes secretion of estrogen and progesterone, which maintains the endometrium and prevents menstruation

estrogens

levels increase 30x by end of gestation

corpus luteum is the primary source for the first 12 weeks

causes uterus and external genetalia to enlarge, mammary ducts and breast to grow

relaxes pubic symphysis and widens pelvis

progesterone

Suppresses FSH and LH, preventing follicular development during pregnancy

suppresses uterine contractions

prevents premature birth + menstruation

stimulates development of mammary acini

human chorionic somatomamotropin

secreted by placenta around week 5

concentration increases steadily throughout pregnancy

similar to growth hormone

makes mom less sensitive to insulin

pituitary gland

increases in size bout 50% during pregnancy

produces prolactin, ACTH, and thyrotropin

thyroid gland

increases in size about 50% during pregnancy

causes mothers BMR to increase

parathyroid glands

enlarge during pregnancy and increases osteoclast activity

ACTH

stimulates glucocorticoid secretion, mobilizes amino acids for fetal protein synthesis

aldosterone

levels increase during pregnancy, increasing fluid retention and overall blood volume

relaxin

loosens connective tissue and promotes blood vessel growth in the uterus during pregnancy

12-24

egg must be fertilized within ______ hours of ovulation if it is to survive

6-7

sperm are viable _____ days after ejaculation

*conception is optimal if sperm are deposited a few days before ovulation or 14 hours after

egg penetrating enzymes

released by acrosome in sperm, penetrates granulosa cells and zona pellucida of egg

fast block

one method of preventing polyspermy

binding of sperm and eg releases Na+ channels in egg membrane, depolarizing the egg membrane and making sperm less attracted to it

slow block

oone method of preventing polyspermy

secretory vesicles in egg release enzymes that thicken egg membrane and prevent more sperm from penetrating

meiosis II

secondary oocyte begins meiosis II before ovulation but only completes if the egg is fertilized

sperm and egg will swell and rupture

2 gametes will mix into a single diploid set

fertilized egg is now a zygote and ready for its first mitotic division

first trimester

first 12 weeks of pregnancy

more than ½ of pregnancies will end from natural causes

conceptus is most vulnerable to stress, drugs, and nutritional deficiencies

second trimester

weeks 13-24 of pregnancy

fetal organs develop

fetus looks distinctly human

chances of survival increase

third trimester

weeks 25 to birth

fetus grows rapidly

organs have more cellular differentiation

at 35 weeks, fetus is considered mature

preembryonic stage

the first 16 days of development

3 stages: cleavage, implantation, and embryogenesis