human geo unit 2b

Migration

the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another.

Immigration

The movement into a location.

Emigration

The movement away (or exiting from) a location.

Net Migration

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.

Net in-migration

Immigration is greater than migration.
Net migration is positive.

Net out-migration

Immigration is less than emigration.
Net migration is negative.

Push factors

Negative circumstances, or conditions in a location that causes people to move away.

Factors can be ESPN.

Pull factors

Positive conditions and circumstances in a location that makes people want to move there.

Factors can be ESPN

Intervening Obstacle

Barriers that hold migrants back from continuing to travel.

Can be ESPN.

Intervening Opportunity

An opportunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling.

Can be ESPN.

Economic Push and Pull Factors

Push factors:
1. Job loss
2. Lack of employment opportunities
3. Low wages

Pull factors:
1. Job opportunities
2. Higher wages
3. Seasonal jobs

Social/Cultural Push and Pull Factors

Push factors:
1. Discrimination, prejudice, persecution and racism due to gender, ethnicity and/or religion
2. Gender Roles, Men are often migrants

Pull factors:
1. Freedom and lack or less of discrimination, prejudice, persecution and racism
2. Familial or kinship ties

Political Push and Pull Factors

Push Factors:
1. War
2. Repressive Laws
3. Discrimination

Pull Factors
1. Peace
2. Asylum

Asylum

Political migrants that move due to fear of oppression and may be in danger because of political views.

Accepting countries can grant asylum/protection.

Natural Push and Pull Factors

Push factors:
1. Natural disasters
2. Drought
3. Crop Failure
4. Intense climate

Pull factors:
1. Desirable climate and landscape

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

1. Migration is typically short in distance.
2. Migration occurs in steps.
3. Urban areas attract both long-distance and rural migrants.
4. Every migration generates a counter migration.
5. Young, single, adult males are more likely to migrate than females. (Women will migrate shorter distances)
6. Most migration is due to economic factors.

Forced Migration

People relocate due to fears of violence or survival.

Ex: Trail of Tears, Deportation, Slave trade, Refugees.

Voluntary Migration

People migrate due to their own choices.

Ex: Cheap land, job opportunities, etc.

Types of Forced/Involuntary Migration

1. Asylum Seeker
2. Internally Displaced Person (IDPs)
3. Enslaved Persons
4. Refugee

Types of Voluntary Migration

1. Chain Migration
2. Guest Worker
3. Internal Migration
4. Urbanization (Rural-Cities)
5. Step Migration
6. Transhumance
7. Transnational Migration

Brain Drain

The emigration of talented or educated people.

Transnational Migration

Migration from one country to another country.

Immigrants to a new country retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties to their country of origin.

Major flows:
1. Latin America to North America
2. Southwest Asia to Europe
3. Asia to North America

Remittances

Money sent back to migrant's country of origin.

Major economic flow.

Internal Migration

Migrants that travel within a country's borders. Much more likely than transnational migration.

Ex: Rustbelt to Sunbelt Migration in US after WWII.
Push factors - factories closed in the industrial Northeast and Midwest.
Pull factors - low taxes, inexpensive land, nice weather.

Transhumance

Traditional migration of nomadic herders that move their livestock from high elevations in the summer and lower elevations in the winter

Chain Migration

Immigrations migrate to a location based off of recommendation of or reunification with family members, friends, or community members that have previously migrated to that location.

Step Migration

Migration typically occurs in steps, migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller movements.

Happen due to intervening opportunities and obstacles.

Ex: Rural area to a city, then a larger city, then a metropolis.

Rural to Urban (Urbanization)

Most typical kind of migration trend, up to 55% of people live in urban areas today.

Jobs in cities.

Guest Worker

Migrants who travel internationally to find work as temporary laborers.

Typically a short period of time because the jobs cannot be filled by a country's own labor force.

Refugees

Someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war, or violence.

Causes: War and ethnic, tribal and religious violence, environmental disasters (?)

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone who has been forced to flee their home but never crosses an international border.

Same causes as refugees.

Asylum Seekers

Some who has fled their country, crossed international borders, applied to be a refugee, but not yet approved.

Enslaved Persons

Someone forced to work or do labor without pay.

Slave Trade, Human Trafficking

Economic Effects of Migration

Receiving/Host Countries -
1. Immigrants are a source of labor for less desirable and low paying paying work (Agriculture, construction, service industries).
2. Immigrants often open businesses (Shops, restaurants, nail salons)

Countries of Origin -
1. More available jobs
2. Less strain on resources
3. Remittances
4. Brain drain

Social Effects of Migration

Receiving/Host Countries -
1. Cultural Contributions - Immigrants bring aspects of their home culture (food, literature, religion, art, etc.)
2. Demographic Change - Stage 4 & 5 source of population growth, age composition with immigrants reducing dependency ratios.
Countries of Origin -
1. Demographic Change - Unbalanced sex ratios (men mostly migrate), Dependency ratios (elderly and youth left behind), Changes traditional family structure
2. Relief from overcrowding

Political Effects of Migration

Both countries -
1. Immigration Restrictions - Laws to restrict immigration because of xenophobia or limit cultural diversity (U.S. and Japan)
2. Laws that encourage immigrations (Guest Worker Programs, Family Reunification)