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Migration
the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another.
Immigration
The movement into a location.
Emigration
The movement away (or exiting from) a location.
Net Migration
The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.
Net in-migration
Immigration is greater than migration. Net migration is positive.
Net out-migration
Immigration is less than emigration. Net migration is negative.
Push factors
Negative circumstances, or conditions in a location that causes people to move away.
Factors can be ESPN.
Pull factors
Positive conditions and circumstances in a location that makes people want to move there.
Factors can be ESPN
Intervening Obstacle
Barriers that hold migrants back from continuing to travel.
Can be ESPN.
Intervening Opportunity
An opportunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling.
Can be ESPN.
Economic Push and Pull Factors
Push factors:
Job loss
Lack of employment opportunities
Low wages
Pull factors:
Job opportunities
Higher wages
Seasonal jobs
Social/Cultural Push and Pull Factors
Push factors:
Discrimination, prejudice, persecution and racism due to gender, ethnicity and/or religion
Gender Roles, Men are often migrants
Pull factors:
Freedom and lack or less of discrimination, prejudice, persecution and racism
Familial or kinship ties
Political Push and Pull Factors
Push Factors:
War
Repressive Laws
Discrimination
Pull Factors
Peace
Asylum
Asylum
Political migrants that move due to fear of oppression and may be in danger because of political views.
Accepting countries can grant asylum/protection.
Natural Push and Pull Factors
Push factors:
Natural disasters
Drought
Crop Failure
Intense climate
Pull factors:
Desirable climate and landscape
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
Migration is typically short in distance.
Migration occurs in steps.
Urban areas attract both long-distance and rural migrants.
Every migration generates a counter migration.
Young, single, adult males are more likely to migrate than females. (Women will migrate shorter distances)
Most migration is due to economic factors.
Forced Migration
People relocate due to fears of violence or survival.
Ex: Trail of Tears, Deportation, Slave trade, Refugees.
Voluntary Migration
People migrate due to their own choices.
Ex: Cheap land, job opportunities, etc.
Types of Forced/Involuntary Migration
Asylum Seeker
Internally Displaced Person (IDPs)
Enslaved Persons
Refugee
Types of Voluntary Migration
Chain Migration
Guest Worker
Internal Migration
Urbanization (Rural-Cities)
Step Migration
Transhumance
Transnational Migration
Brain Drain
The emigration of talented or educated people.
Transnational Migration
Migration from one country to another country.
Immigrants to a new country retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties to their country of origin.
Major flows:
Latin America to North America
Southwest Asia to Europe
Asia to North America
Remittances
Money sent back to migrant's country of origin.
Major economic flow.
Internal Migration
Migrants that travel within a country's borders. Much more likely than transnational migration.
Ex: Rustbelt to Sunbelt Migration in US after WWII. Push factors - factories closed in the industrial Northeast and Midwest. Pull factors - low taxes, inexpensive land, nice weather.
Transhumance
Traditional migration of nomadic herders that move their livestock from high elevations in the summer and lower elevations in the winter
Chain Migration
Immigrations migrate to a location based off of recommendation of or reunification with family members, friends, or community members that have previously migrated to that location.
Step Migration
Migration typically occurs in steps, migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller movements.
Happen due to intervening opportunities and obstacles.
Ex: Rural area to a city, then a larger city, then a metropolis.
Rural to Urban (Urbanization)
Most typical kind of migration trend, up to 55% of people live in urban areas today.
Jobs in cities.
Guest Worker
Migrants who travel internationally to find work as temporary laborers.
Typically a short period of time because the jobs cannot be filled by a country's own labor force.
Refugees
Someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war, or violence.
Causes: War and ethnic, tribal and religious violence, environmental disasters (?)
Internally Displaced Person (IDP)
Someone who has been forced to flee their home but never crosses an international border.
Same causes as refugees.
Asylum Seekers
Some who has fled their country, crossed international borders, applied to be a refugee, but not yet approved.
Enslaved Persons
Someone forced to work or do labor without pay.
Slave Trade, Human Trafficking
Economic Effects of Migration
Receiving/Host Countries -
Immigrants are a source of labor for less desirable and low paying paying work (Agriculture, construction, service industries).
Immigrants often open businesses (Shops, restaurants, nail salons)
Countries of Origin -
More available jobs
Less strain on resources
Remittances
Brain drain
Social Effects of Migration
Receiving/Host Countries -
Cultural Contributions - Immigrants bring aspects of their home culture (food, literature, religion, art, etc.)
Demographic Change - Stage 4 & 5 source of population growth, age composition with immigrants reducing dependency ratios. Countries of Origin -
Demographic Change - Unbalanced sex ratios (men mostly migrate), Dependency ratios (elderly and youth left behind), Changes traditional family structure
Relief from overcrowding
Political Effects of Migration
Both countries -
Immigration Restrictions - Laws to restrict immigration because of xenophobia or limit cultural diversity (U.S. and Japan)
Laws that encourage immigrations (Guest Worker Programs, Family Reunification)