Key Concepts in Cancer and Neurological Disorders

These flashcards cover essential concepts, symptoms, diagnoses, and treatments across different types of cancers and neurological disorders, aiding in review for the upcoming exam.

What is Hodgkin's lymphoma known for?

It is a rare type of lymphoma with a high cure rate and characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells.

What are B-symptoms associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Fever without infection, bone pain, unexplained weight loss, night sweats, and persistent fatigue.

What demographic is most affected by Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Men aged 15-34 and again over 60 years.

What is the major risk factor for Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Possible correlation with immunodeficiencies, autoimmune disorders, and exposure to pesticides.

How is Acute Myeloid Leukemia diagnosed?

Through CBC showing low hemoglobin and platelets and bone marrow aspiration.

What are common symptoms of Leukemia?

LOW RBCs resulting in weakness and fatigue, LOW platelets leading to prolonged bleeding, and HIGH WBCs causing frequent infections.

What is a common medical treatment for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia?

Supported care or light chemotherapy, especially in older patients.

What are the main symptoms of breast cancer?

Breast changes in appearance, texture, lumps, and possibly nipple discharge.

What diagnostic tool is often used for breast cancer detection?

Mammogram or ultrasound.

What are the risk factors for prostate cancer?

Age over 65, African American race, family history, and positive BRCA2 mutation.

What are the signs of skin cancer?

Changes in appearance of skin lesions including rough, scaly areas, or irregular shapes.

What is the primary treatment for lung cancer?

Chemotherapy possible in combination with radiation or surgical excision.

What kind of diet should individuals at risk for colon cancer maintain?

High fiber and low-fat diet, reducing red meat consumption.

What are the stages of cancer survivorship?

Preventing and detecting new cancers, surveillance for spread, managing treatment consequences, and coordinating care.

What are the stages of grief?

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.

What characterizes a generalized tonic-clonic seizure?

LOST consciousness, muscle stiffness, and jerking movements.

What is included in the nursing care for seizures?

Prevent aspiration, document seizure characteristics, and provide oxygen.

What is the Glasgow Coma Scale score indicating severe head injury?

A score of 8 or below.

What are the symptoms of increased intracranial pressure?

Severe headache, nausea, vomiting, deteriorating LOC, and changes in pupils.

What is an ischemic stroke?

A disruption of blood supply caused by a thrombus or embolism.

What is the purpose of lumbar puncture in meningitis diagnosis?

To analyze cerebrospinal fluid for infection.

What characterizes malignant melanoma?

An irregularly shaped mole with multiple colors and potential to bleed.

What does treatment for Parkinson's disease focus on?

Controlling symptoms as there is no cure.

What intervention is critical for patients with Parkinson’s disease during meals?

Thickened liquids and positioning to prevent aspiration.

What are the symptoms of a concussion?

Headache, dizziness, and possible retrograde amnesia.

What is the risk of antidepressants in the context of suicide?

Increased energy can lead to a higher risk of suicide in the first two weeks of treatment.

What defines 'status epilepticus'?

A prolonged seizure lasting more than 5 minutes, requiring emergency intervention.

What are common symptoms of anxiety disorders?

Restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and irritability.

What is a key symptom of hydrocephalus in infants?

High-pitched crying and increased head circumference.

What is the function of a VP shunt in treating hydrocephalus?

To drain excess cerebrospinal fluid when normal outflow is obstructed.

What characterizes a benign brain tumor?

Non-cancerous and slower growing, originating from brain cells.

What is the first-line treatment for acute myeloid leukemia?

Induction therapy involving aggressive chemotherapy.

What are the signs of a brain hemorrhage?

Severe headache, vomiting, and early loss of consciousness.

What is the treatment goal in cancer pain management?

To provide adequate pain relief and improve quality of life.

What are the treatment options available for prostate cancer?

Hormone therapy, chemotherapy, radiation, and surgical interventions may be used.

What can increase the risk of colorectal cancer?

A diet high in fat and low in fiber.

What does the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells indicate?

Hodgkin's lymphoma.

What is the role of genetic testing in breast cancer?

To identify the BRCA mutation that may increase risk.

What defines manic episodes in bipolar disorder?

Symptoms include euphoria, restlessness, and poor judgment.

How does the timing of treatment change for depression during pregnancy?

Postpartum depression symptoms need careful evaluation as they may interfere with maternal care.

What is the treatment for severe concussions exhibiting unusual behavior post-injury?

Monitoring for decreased LOC and providing thorough follow-up assessments.

What nursing intervention is important for managing a child with leukemia?

Monitor for signs of bleeding and infection due to low blood counts.

What does a CT scan evaluate in patients suspected of having a brain tumor?

It provides imaging to assess the presence and location of a tumor.