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The domain Bacteria contains how many phyla
>80
Proteobacteria
largest phylum of bacteria containing many that are human pathogens
Which 4 phyla do more than 90% of characterized genera originate from
Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteriodetes
Which phyla is the most metabolically diverse of all Bacteria? What are examples of these
Proteobacteria
Chemolithotrophy, chemoorganotrophy, phototrophy
Are proteobacteria gram negative or gram positive
All are Gram-negative
What are the six classes of proteobacteria
Alpha, Beta, Delta, Gamma, Epsilon, and Zeta
Despite phylogenetic divisions of proteobacteria, different classes compare how
they have physiological traits in common
Morphologic and metabolic diversity of proteobacteria suggest what
gene sharing by horizontal gene transfer
What are major metabolism links of proteobacteria
Anoxygenic phototrophy, Methyltrophy, Sulfate reduction, and Nitrogen fixation
What compounds are links between proteobacteria chemolithotrophy
Sulfur compounds, Ferrous iron, ammonia or nitrate, and hydrogen
Rickettsias key genera are
Rickettsia and Wolbachia
What are most rickettsias (characteristics)
most are gram negative obligate intracellular parasites
How is Rickettsias transmitted
by bites from lice, fleas, and ticks
What human diseases do Rickettsias cause
Rickettsia typhi (Typhus - transferred by lice and fleas)
R. Rickettsii (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - transferred by ticks)
Coxiella burnetii (Q-fever - ticks and aerosols)
Erlichia spp. (Ehrlichiosis, ticks)
Anaplasma sp. (anaplasmosis, ticks)
What are rickettsias energy metabolisms
Highly specific energy metabolisms - cannot oxidize glucose (only glutamine and glutamic acid)
Why are control of vectors important in rickettsias
they prevent the spread of infections
What are the characteristics of Rickettsia rickettsii
Aerobic, Gram negative, obligate intracellular, rod-shaped bacterium
Purple phototrophic bacteria can carry out what
anoxygenic photosynthesis (no oxygen evolved)
The purple phototrophic bacteria group are described how morphologically
as a morphologically diverse group
What three categories do purple phototrophic bacteria fall into
Generally Alpha, Beta, or Gamma proteobacteria
Purple phototrophic bacteria contain what
Bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoid pigments
What do purple phototrophic bacteria produce
intracytoplasmic photosynthetic membranes with varying morphologies
Purple sulfer bacteria
use hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as an electron donor for CO2 reduction in photosynthesis
Which shapes can purple sulfur bacteria be
Chromatium, Thiospirillum, Thiopedia, and Ectothiorhodospira
Purple sulfur bacteria are what category of proteobacteria
gamma proteobacteria
(purple sulfur bacteria) When sulfide is oxidized to elemental sulfur (S0) that is stored as globules either inside or outside cells, where does the sulfur go?
It disappears as it is oxidized to sulfate
Where does H2S accumulate
in illuminated anoxic zones of lakes and other aquatic habitats as well as sulfur springs
What category do purple non-sulfur bacteria fall into
alpha proteobacteria
What are examples of purple non-sulfur bacteria
Rhodobacter and phodospirillum
How do Rhodobacter and Rhodospirillum grow as
Normally grow as photoheterotrophs, can grow as photoautotrophs or chemoorganotrophs
Can Rhodobacter and Rhodospirillum fix nitrogen
yes
Nitrogen-fixing proteobacteria examples
Azobacter and Rhizobium
What does Azobacter grow in
Grow in soil, using nutrients excreted by plants
Fix nitrogen from atmosphere
What does Rhizobium form
nodules in the roots of legumes and fix nitrogem in roots nodules
Nitrification
(Oxidation of ammonia to nitrate) occurs as two separate reactions by different groups of bacteria
What are the two reactions of nitrification
Ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizer
Nitrifying bacteria are able to grow how
chemolithotrophically by using NH3 as an energy source
What are the two diseases caused by Neisseria
Meningitis and gonorrhea
What are the signs and symptoms of Neisseria meningitidis
Sudden high fever, headache, and stiff neck followed by
Nausea and vomiting, which may progress to
convulsions and coma
How is meningitis diagnosed
by gram stain of cerebrospinal fluid
What is the Neisseria gonorrhoeae
the causative agent of gonorrhea
What are the symptoms of gonorrhea in men
painful urination
What are the symptoms of gonorrhea in women
75% are primarily asymptomatic or suffer from damage to uterine tubes
25% develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
What are pathogen and virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis
Bordetella pertussis is causative agent to Pertussis (whooping cough)
Produces toxins which destroy function of cilia
What are the signs and symptoms of Bordetella pertussis
Initially cold-like, then characteristic cough develops
Gasping for air between coughs causes whooping sound
What is the epidemiology from Bordetella pertussis
Highly contagious; the bacteria spread through the air in airborne droplets
Treatment and prevention of Bordetella pertussis
Treatment is primarily supportive
Prevention is with the TDAP vaccine
Enteric bacteria class
class Gamma-proteobacteria, order Enterobacteriales
What are the key genera of enteric bacteria
Escherichia, Salmonella, Shingella, Proteus, and Enterobacter
What are the characteristics of Enteric bacteria
they are gram negative rods
Facultative anaerobes
motile with peritrichous flagella or non-motile
Possess fimbriae that help them adhere to surfaces
All oxidase negative and catalase positive
Utilize type 5 secretion systems
What are some normal inhabitants of intestinal tract of many species
Escherichia coli - Travelers diarrhea, UTIs, biomedical research
Salmonella typhimurium and S. typhi - Food poisoning and Typhoid fever
Shigella - Dysentery and diarrhea
Yersinia pestis - causes plague
Mixed-Acid Fermenters
Escherichia coli
Where is Escherichia coli found
Inhabitant of intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals
What does Escherichia coli synthesize
Vitamins for host
Where can Escherichia coli be found to infect humans as a bad bacteria
food or water, indicative of fecal contamination
Escherichia coli produce Shiga toxin, what do the letters mean
O - cell wall antigen
H - flagellar antigen
Salmonella
A common inhabitant of both warm-blooded such as poultry and cattle; and cold-blooded animals such as lizards and turtles
Salmonella is characterized immunologically by what
surface antigens making up over 2400 different stereotypes
Ingestion of Salmonella can result in what
Salmonellosis (food poisoning)
What bacteria causes salmonellosis
Salmonella typhimurium
What are the symptoms of salmonella
Nausea, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea
Where is Salmonella acquired from
eating raw eggs or undercooked eggs
Mortality from salmonella is due to what
Due to septic shock caused by endotoxin in the very old or infants (<1%)
What are the steps of salmonella entering the bloodstream
Salmonella attaches to epithelial cells lining the small intestine
Salmonella triggers endocytosis
Salmonella multiplies within the food vesicle
Salmonella kills host cell, inducing fever, cramps, and diarrhea
Bacteremia: Salmonella moves to the bloodstream
What does Salmonella typhi cause
Typhoid fever
How does bacteria spread throughout your body
in phagocytes
Where does Salmonella harbor in 1-3% of recovered patients
in the gallbladder
Shigella sonnei
Most common Shigella virus, mild symptoms similar to diarrhea
Shigella dysenteriae
less common but severe dysentery causing death rate up to 20%
Shigella viruses enter your body through what
ingestion of contaminated food and water
Shiga toxin causes what symptoms
inflammation, abdominal cramps, and bleeding
How does Shigella enter the bloodstream
Shigella attaches to epithelial cell of colon
Shigella triggers endocytosis
Shigella multiplies in the cytosol
Shigella invades neighboring epithelial cells, thus avoiding immune defenses
An abscess forms as epithelial cells are killed by the infection
Shigella that enters the blood is quickly phagocytized and destroyed.
(no bacteremia)
Yersinia pestis causes what
the plague
What are the characteristics of Yersinia pestis
It is a gram negative rod
How is Yersinia pestis transferred
by fleas
What is the pneumonic plague
when the bacterium spreads to the lungs
What is the treatment of Yersinia pestis
It is treated with various antimicrobial drugs
How can you prevent Yersinia pestis
Rodent and flea control, as well as personal hygiene
What does Legionnaires’ disease
Severe pneumonia
When was Legionnaires’ disease first identified
in 1976 at American Legion meeting
What is Legionnaires’ Disease caused by
Legionella pneumophila
Where is Legionella pneumophila found
found in whirlpool spas, humidifiers, air conditioners, and water lines of hospital
How is Legionella pneumophila transmitted
by inhalation of aerosols
The protus genus contains what
Rapidly motile cells; capable of swarming
Vibrio cholerae characteristics
Slightly curved, gram negative rods, oxidase positive
Vibrio cholerae produces what toxin
Cholera
What are the symptoms from Vibrio cholerae
toxin causes host cells to secrete Cl-, HCO3- and water
How do you get vibrio cholerae
from drinking contaminated water or from eating contaminated crustaceans
Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria characteristics
Faculative chemolithotrophs, gram negative rods with polar flagella
What is an example of hydrogen-oxidation bacteria
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria’s ability to break down numerous organic compounds makes them useful tools for what
bioremediation
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is resistant to what
many antibiotics and disinfectants
What two diseases are caused by epsilon proteobacteria
Helicobacter and campylobacter
What is the number 1 cause of foodborne illness in the U.S.
Campylobacter
How much of the population gets infected by Helicobacter pylori
infects 30-50% of population
What does Helicobacter pylori cause
Causes peptic ulcers and gastric cancer
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