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What are the two types of federalism (types of cakes)?
What are the benefits and consequences?
Dual or cooperative (layered or marbled cake)
Competition among states is attractive for people and businesses, increased access to government, flexibility at local level, but inconsistent between states
What are the characteristics of the House of Representatives?
Number of Reps determined by state population, elected by people, rep must be 25 years old and citizen for 7 years, 2 year terms
What are the characteristics of the Senate?
2 reps per state (equal regardless of population), elected by state legislatures (up until the 17th amendment in 1913), 30 years old, citizen for 9 years, 6 year terms
What is past-the-post voting?
what is Duverger’s Law?
Winner takes all voting
Two parties tend to emerge as a result of our system and procedures (PTP)
What is gerrymandering?
Drawing district lines to favor particular groups
What did Rucho v. Common Clause rule?
Supreme Court ruled it could not set a constitutional standard against partisan gerrymandering
What did Allen v. Milligan rule?
Supreme Court affirmed the district court and held Alabama's map likely violated the Voting Rights Act
Corporations have 1st amendment rights and can run political ads
SuperPACS may raise unlimited sums of money to campaign for or against candidates
PACs v. SuperPACS
SuperPACS can’t work directly with campaign, can endorse candidates though
“this ad was endorsed by XYZ”
What are the requirements for presidency?
Natural born citizen, 35 years old, resident of US for 14 years
What amendment limited the presidency to 2 terms?
Amendment 22
What are presidential law-making powers (name & definition)?
Two vetoes (and the threat of)
Regular: Congress can override with 2/3 vote in each house
Pocket: Not signing or voting a bill within 10 days of receiving it (no override possible)
Executive orders
How to amend the Constitution?
Proposed by
2/3 vote in both houses of Congress
National Convention called by Congress at the request of 2/3 state legislatures
Approved by
Legislatures in 3/4 of states
Ratifying conventions in 3/4 of states
In what cases does the Supreme Court get original jurisdiction?
Cases involving ambassadors/ public officials and cases with a state as a party
What was the ruling in Marbury v. Madison?
Established precedent of judicial review
What are the two types of citizenship according to Dalton?
Citizen duty: vote, jury, draft, report crime
Engaged citizenship: volunteering, active in politics, form opinions independently of others
What does the voting formula consist of?
Needing to lower costs in order to get people to vote
Benefits - Costs = Likelihood to vote
What is Putnam’s Bowling Alone?
Becoming increasingly disconnected from family, friends, neighbors, and social structures
Social capital builds mutual trust and is vital for democratic health
Decline in social capital → decline in trust and participation
What are Putnam’s reasons for the decline of civil society?
Movement of women into labor force
Greater mobility (less likely to be involved in community)
Demographic changes
Technology and privatization of leisure time
What were Dalton’s counter arguments to Putnam?
“Traditional ways” of democratic participation are in trouble but young people just have different methods
Note 
Flashcard (37)