300 BIOLOGY PAPER 1
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🔬 CELL BIOLOGY
- Q: What are the two main types of cells?
A: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
- Q: Give two examples of eukaryotic cells.
A: Animal and plant cells.
- Q: Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?
A: No – DNA is free in the cytoplasm.
- Q: What is the function of the nucleus?
A: Contains DNA and controls the cell.
- Q: Function of mitochondria?
A: Site of aerobic respiration.
- Q: Function of ribosomes?
A: Protein synthesis.
- Q: Function of cell membrane?
A: Controls what enters and leaves.
- Q: Function of chloroplasts?
A: Site of photosynthesis.
- Q: What is the vacuole for?
A: Stores cell sap and keeps cell rigid.
- Q: What surrounds plant cells?
A: Cell wall made of cellulose.
- Q: What are plasmids?
A: Small DNA loops in bacteria.
- Q: Which cells have smaller ribosomes?
A: Prokaryotic cells.
- Q: Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
A: Prokaryotic.
- Q: Which microscope sees living cells?
A: Light microscope.
- Q: Which microscope has highest resolution?
A: Electron microscope.
- Q: What does resolution mean?
A: Ability to distinguish detail.
- Q: State the magnification formula.
A: Image size ÷ real size.
- Q: Units used for cell size?
A: Micrometres (µm).
- Q: What process makes new cells for growth?
A: Mitosis.
- Q: What does mitosis produce?
A: Two identical daughter cells.
- Q: When is mitosis used?
A: Growth and repair.
- Q: What are stem cells?
A: Undifferentiated cells.
- Q: Where are embryonic stem cells found?
A: Early embryos.
- Q: Advantage of adult stem cells?
A: Fewer ethical issues.
- Q: Why are stem cells useful?
A: Can replace damaged cells.
- Q: Adaptation of sperm cell?
A: Tail and many mitochondria.
- Q: Adaptation of root hair cell?
A: Large surface area.
- Q: Adaptation of nerve cell?
A: Long axon for fast signals.
- Q: Adaptation of red blood cell?
A: No nucleus, large SA.
- Q: What is diffusion?
A: Movement from high to low concentration.
- Q: What is osmosis?
A: Water movement across a membrane.
- Q: What is active transport?
A: Movement against gradient using energy.
- Q: Which process needs ATP?
Note 
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