Nasser Noun Check Review

Fuad

British advised and directed (1922-36)

Farouk

British advised and directed (1936-52)

feddans

a term for the Egyptian unit of area that equals 1.038 acres

Fedayeen

the term referred to Egyptian civilians who in the 1940s volunteered to fight against the British occupation of the Suez Canal Zone

Nasser

influenced by widespread anti-British sentiment; active in demonstrations against the British presence; believed Egypt would not progress without a developed army; army leadership was necessary to achieve national aspirations

Ali Maher

Prime Minister, British demanded that this person be dismissed and replaced, believed to have German sympathies

Mustapha Nahas

pro-British award prime minister, who replaced another prime minister in 1942 after Britain's demand

Arthur Balfour

British foreign secretary who supported Zionism, created declaration promising to back the establishment of a "national home for Jewish people"

Mohammed Neguib

general, senior member of Free Officers, later president, figurehead of revolution, gave new regime respectability, if not legitimacy

Sayyid Qutb

Leading member of the Muslim Brotherhood, said islamic polity has no rulers because Muslims do not need judges/police to obey divine law

Nehru

India's first prime minister, as a result of Bandung, Nasser associated with him, declined to take sides in Cold War

Tito

Leader of Yugoslavia, as a result of Bandung, Nasser associated with him, declined to take sides in Cold War

Khrushchev

Soviet leader, agreed to offer Egypt loan for Aswan Dam Project because USSR needed to extend its sphere of influence in Middle East and Mediterranean

Anthony Eden

Prime Minister, regarded Nasser as a "Middle Eastern Hitler", "Nasser must not be allowed to leave his thumb on Britain's windpipe", planned ways to bring Nasser down

Anthony Nutting

British Foreign Office representative, negotiated Anglo Egyptian Treaty, regarded Nasser's misunderstanding about the esteem he gained in the Arab world as the cause of his failure to fulfill his Pan-Arab dream

Middle Eastern Hitler

regards Nasser, said by Anthony Eden

Fellahin

Peasant farmers of Egypt who rent small plots of land, Nasser promised he would free them from the suffocating control of the wealthy landed aristocrats

Abd al-Halim Hafez

popular singer and film star in Nasserist Era, national treasure, Nasser spoke to him of the "importance of art in building a new society and anointed him as new voice of the era"

Anwar Sadat

Nasser's successor, while maintaining the armed forces' monopoly of political power, he liberalized the economy, signed peace with Israel, and fortified Egypt's dominant role in Arab world

King Hussein

of Jordan, made ceasefire pact with Nasser

Yasser Arafat

chairman of Palestinian Liberation Organization, made the ceasefire pact with King Hussein of Jordan

Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936

in response to British diplomatic pressure, Farouk's government accepted terms, Britain, while withdrawing from other areas in Egypt, was granted right to maintain force of 10,000 troops in Canal Zone

Balfour Declaration

Arthur Balfour, issued a formal declaration promising to back the establishment of a 'national home for the Jewish people' in Palestine, would not jeopardize legitimate rights of indigenous Palestinian Arabs

Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1954

negotiated with Nutting, under its terms, Britain undertook to withdraw from Canal Zone in 2 years, abandon all connections with ex-King Farouk and Egyptian monarchists, and accept right of Sudan to independence from Britain and Egypt, raised Nasser's self esteem

Zionism

movement for creation of a Jewish state, denotes Israeli expansionism, worldwide sympathy for survivors of Nazi persecution added weight to cause

positive neutralism

established at Bandung, the idea that independent countries could stand asside from both US and Soviet bloc

The Philosophy of Revolution

Nasser's only major written work, he argued that centuries of foreign domination had drained the Egyptian people of their real sense of identity and unity

neo-colonialism

motive of Nasser seizing Canal, to strike at this, an attempt by former colonial powers to reimpose their control on their previous possessions

feudalism

one of Nasser's aims was to rid Egypt of this, a system in which privileged landowners oblige the landless to work for them

monopoly capitalism

one of Nasser's aims was to rid Egypt of this, a system in which the state interferes with the working of the economy in order to protect large commercial and industrial interests from competition from smaller concerns

Nasserism

a socialist Arab nationalist political ideology based on the thinking of Nasser

Pan-Arabism

trans-national movement for unification of Arab people to pursue common interests and improve conditions, Nasser's outstanding personal success encouraged him to become leader of this

Islamism

belief that politics and society should follow Islamic teachings

Rhodes Agreement

formally ended the Arab-Israeli War of and gave Israel control of the land it captured

March 30 Manifesto

promised political reforms in 1968

"Development Strategy"

Nasser's policies that were committed to bringing about social and economic changes in order to solidify its support, tackle Egypt's underdevelopment, and strengthen the power of the state apparatus

Phase 1

1952-1956, characterized by "private enterprise economy"

Phase 2

1956-1970, saw a move towards greater state intervention and justified state capitalism- nationalization and sequestration

state capitalism

when state subsidizes capitalists, system remains capitalist; there is a maximization of profit but production is owned by the state; in Egypt, state started to take over companies belonging to individuals, state invested in major projects

Law 127

1961, reduced ceiling to 100 feddans per family

Law 50

1969, ceiling halved to 50 feddans per owner, while maintaining 100 feddans per family

Law 103

brought Al Azhar University, world renowned center of Islamic learning in Cairo, under state control

Law 178

First Agrarian Reform Law; limited land ownership to 200 feddans, state retained ownership, farmers receiving land were under obligation to pay back loan

Law 26

1954, facilitated repatriation of earnings and allowed foreign investors to own up to 51% of the shares in an Egyptian company, permitted foreign investors to have access to Egypt's underground resources

Law 430

1953, offered tax exemptions to those investing in Egypt

agrarian reforms

aimed to redistribute land by taking land away from large landowners and giving it to small ones

"rural middle class"

came to replace old feudal lords as 'richest landlords', gained most from agrarian reforms

rent freeze

rents fixed at seven times the tax on land and land rents remained the same until 1976, tenants had little incentive to move and landlords had little inventive to make land improvements, brought stagnation

cooperatives

one channel through which state bureaucracy controlled rural districts politically, came under supervision of Ministry of Agriculture, government assisted farmers in improving production: they offered credit at low interest rates, provided seeds, fertilizers, animals, machinery, transportation, storage facilities, and sent agronomists

private enterprise economy

policies of the new government aimed simultaneously at encouraging private investors and starting to build public sector through investment

provisional constitution

put in place at the 1964 election for the national assembly and gave the president an exceptionally strong role

import substitution industrialization (ISI)

needed to produce what they would overwise have imported, during Phase 1

Helwan

Phase 1, long term national development, iron and steel complex here

nationalization

Phase 2, process of taking a private industry or private assets into public ownership by a national government, Nasser's regime extended control

sequestration

Phase 2, process of taking legal possession of assets, Nasser's regime extended control

1st Five Year Plan

1960, objective was to expand consumer goods sector, promote industries with export potential, and achieve and equitable regional distribution of industry, slogan: "from needle to the rocket"

reactionary capitalists

people of this ideology had their political rights taken away by the state during nationalization

"socialist solution"

written in National Charter, was a historical inevitability imposed by reality, what was taken from the private sector would directly benefit the state

Charter of 1962

instead of addressing the problems and offering a change of direction, for ideological reasons, he dug further into his model of "Arab Socialism"

Arab Socialism

emphasized the state's responsibility for guiding the economy, presented in Charter of 1962

"appeasement"

tactic of silencing the opposition, with the unions, workers offered a series of benefits (Law of Individual Contracts)

Law of Individual Contracts

appeasement; workers received an increase in severance pay, extended annual vacations, free transportation and healthcare

Al Azhar Univeristy

world renowned center of Islamic learning in Cairo, brought under state control with Law 103

The National Charter

1962, submitted to the inaugural session of the National Congress of the Forces of the People, outlined ideological foundation of Arab socialism and offered Egypt "a blueprint for the future"

"freedom, socialism, unity"

National Charter's slogan, addressed not just Egyptians, but Arab Nation

"true democracy"

chapter in Charter, Nasser exposed "appalling fraudulence" of the system of government that called itself "democratic", outlined in 6 Principles

Al-Ahram

newspaper, announced that 2,850 family planning clinics opened throughout the country

"Egypt for the Egyptians"

original platform of Free Officers, promised to rid Egypt of imperialist stranglehold that suffocated and stalled Egypt's development

The 3 Circles

Arab, African Muslim, Egypt belonged to all, preoccupation with Arab problems and opposition from Islamic forces in Egypt left Nasser with little opportunity to engage in Africa affairs

Free Officers

revolutionary Egyptian nationalist officers, Nasser elected chairman after returning from Palestine

Muslim Brotherhood

opposition to British control, regarded governmental and political systems as being of minor approach in the lives of the followers of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW), who taught that obedience to Allah (SWT) was an obligation that came before all others

communists

opposition to British control, aims were nationalists in that it wanted to remove the British presence and revolutionary in that it wanted to overthrow existing political and social system in Egypt, first step was to take over trade unions to cause industrial disruption

Wafd

opposition to British control, single party and end of WW1, pressed for end of British dominance over Egypt, willingness to compromise lessened its influence and popularity, co-operation with royal government in signing Anglo-Egyptian Treaty in 1936 led Egyptian nationalists to doubt that it represented the nation

League of Nations

supervising authority, mandated British to refuse to allow the development of political institutions since this would allow Palestinian Arabs to cut or end Jewish immigration into the area

Arab League

formed in 1945, (Egypt, Transjordan, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Yemen), stood for collaboration between members on 'affairs and interests of Arab countries'- had joint plan to crush Israel

Revolutionary Command Council (RRC)

declared aim in overthrowing monarchy was to establish a democracy, not install themselves as military government, proclaimed Egypt as republic, Neguib president, Nasser vice-president

National Union

in a preparatory move, Nasser called for this, to fuse all the Egyptian parties under leadership of RRC

Mukhabarat

secret police and intelligence agencies, main instrument for maintain state security, stood outside the law and had power to interfere with any other state organizations

Arab Socialist Union (ASU)

new name given in 1962 to the National Union, the sole party allowed to function legally in Egypt

PLO

Palestine Liberation Organization, 1964, pledged to 'prohibit existence of Zionism' through use of terror tactics against Israeli targets

UN Security Council

Britain and France referred issue of Suez Canal to this, fruitless since Soviet Union used its veto to block proposals in Council to have Egypt condemned internationally

Liberation Rally

replaced by National Union

National Assembly

greater state intervention in the economy and greater concentration of power in leaders and state bureaucracy, women voting for the first time

Ministry of Agriculture

supervised collectives, locally run by elected council

Permanent Council for the Development of National Production

civilian experts and army technicians met to discuss plans for long term national development

Alexandria Cotton Exchange

symbol of British economic domination, location where Nasser announced nationalization of Suez Canal

Public Holding Companies

the Economic, the Misr, the Nasr), administered newly acquired assets, initially kept managerial staff and competed with one another with the aim of increasing efficiency and productivity

Ministry of Industry

gradually becoming the powerhouse of the regime and those in charge gained tremendous influence, all new industrial plants required a license from here

Congress of Production

Nasser spoke at the opening of this group in 18 March 1967, he said 1. management is a science whose rules do not change under socialism and capitalism 2. wages must be linked to production 3. ASU should no longer interfere in the production process

General Federation of Egyptian Trade Unions

aim of tightening control over workers, executive board wholly appointed by government, represented workers throughout Nasser's regime

Ministry of Interior

employed university guards and informants to control student activities

Ministry of Higher Education

kept close surveillance on the recruitment of professors and controlled those who enrolled as students, offered incentives such as government posts to those who agreed to be incorporated

Ministry of Religious Endowments

Awqaf, Free Officers took away mosque's financial autonomy and banned Muslim Brothers

Higher Council for Family Planning and Egyptian General Family Planning Association

formed to control the rate of population growth in 1966 and was supported by the Ministry of Social Affairs

Ministry of Social Affairs

supported Higher Council for Family Planning and the Egyptian General Family Planning Association

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

Nasser turned here for a loan of $200 million towards financing a high dam in Aswan, bank reversed decision after Nasser's recognition of People's Republic of China

Baath Party

Renaissance party, an ideology that sees Arabs as one nation with no state boundaries, Nasser advocated similar views

Ministry of National Guidance

governed the Voice of the Arabs in Cairo

WW1

at the end of this, violent protests against British occupation were organized by Egyptian nationalists

WW2

British influence over monarchy and government became stronger, anxious to protect Suez Canal and maintain Egypt as base of campaigns