Comm 300 Exam 1

Who is Thomas Sheriden?

The Elocutionists, leaves invention out, focuses on delivery

3 parts of ethos

arete, phronesis, eunoia

Who is George Campbell?

Scientific Rhetoric, faculty psychology

Aristotle's Topoi

recurring lines of arguments; 2 types: special and common

Enthymemes

From general to specific —> begins with doxa

Kairos

Right moment/timing

Dissoi Logoi

contradictory arguments

Doxa

Common sense

Arete

A good person, virtue, leader

Decorum

Appropriate response, saying the right thing

Dialectic

briefly stated questions and answers | method of debating ideas

Techne

Art

Thesmos

A deity decides what is just

Paradigm

From specific (experiences) to general statements

Nomos

Justice is based on what people decide is just

Psychagogia

Magic, leading of souls, puppet-master (Gorgias)

Phronesis

practical wisdom, subject expert (ethos)

Eunoia

goodwill, liking a person

Stasis

identifies points of disagreement

Parts of Stasis

Issue of fact, issue of quality, issue of definition, issue of procedure

Trope

creative substitution of words (catalogues)

Example of a trope

Metaphor

Figure

creative arrangements of words (catalogues)

Example of a figure

Anaphora

Uomo Universale

Renaissance man; people can do anything

Sprezzatura

studies effortless, careful negligence (Castiglione's idea)

Copia

Erasmus's idea - too much style is good

Why is copia good?

Variety matters, repetition loses impact

Ingenium

Vico's theory that human ability to learn through troping; how is this idea similar to something I already know

Presumption

(Whately) what we already know to be true

Burden of Proof

(Whately) Persuader responsibility to give evidence, proof

Who is Gorgias

Ancient GREEK sophist known for skeptical philosphy, nothing exists

Who is Socrates?

a famous teacher in ancient Greek, anti-sophist, teacher of Plato

Who is Plato

Famous student of Socrates, Athenian Aristocrat, writes about Socrates, Ancient Greek

Who is Aristotle?

Ancient Greek philosopher, student of Plato, neutral on rhetoric

Who is Cicero

Ancient roman politician, lawyer, and consul

Quintilian

Ancient Roman educator, book educating the emperor's kids to lead, emphasized a good leader is a good person

Who is Augustine?

Lawyer turned priest, adapts pagan rhetoric for Christianity

Who is Petrarch?

Italian humanist who wants to return Italy back to its greatest using Cicero's and Quintilian's ideas

Who is Castiglione?

Italian humanist, wrote The Courtier, adopts Cicero for the royal court

Who is Erasmus

Dutch Humanist, Praise of Folly, De Copia

Who is Peter Ramus

French hater of rhetoric

Rhetoric is about manipulation and sounding good

Evidence, proof, reason, and truth belong to dialectic or logic

Leaves invention canon out

Who is Giambattista Vico?

Enlightenment philosopher, math is rhetorical, Descartes's rationalism hater

Who is Richard Whately?

Scientific Rhetoric, when is it smart to change your mind, burden of proof

Who is Hugh Blair?

The Belletrists, define taste of audience, audience-centered, likes style

Why was rhetoric an important skill for Athenians?

People represent themselves in court, defending themselves is a life and death situation

Who were the Sophists?

Taught rhetoric and arete to anyone who could pay, threatened Athenian Aristocrats

How did Sophist background influence their worldview?

Itinerent - wonder, no fixed home, foreigners

Protagoras famous quote

Man is the measure of all things

Gorgias's Epistemology

"Nothing exists. If it does, you cannot know it. If you can, you cannot communicate it."

Explain Gorgias's epistemology

Trust nothing, trust no one. Can never be too sure what we know to be true. Nothing is truly true. Deception everywhere

How does Gorgias define rhetoric?

the ability to persuade with words judges in the courts for the public interest

Plato's Epistemology

There is only ONE truth, dialectic philosophy, one question/answer leads to a follow-up

Explain Plato's major attacks on rhetoric in Gorgias

Rhetoric is not a techne--it's a sham

Rhetoric does not teach arete

Rhetoric does not empower the individual

Plato analogies) Rhetoric: cooking::Dialectic: medicine

Cooking is not useful, medicine is beneficial to the health

Plato analogies) Rhetoric: make-up::Dialectic: gymnastic

make-up makes one appear good by gymnastic makes you actually good

What is Plato's charioteer metaphor?

Three part soul

Charioteer (reason)

Good horse (ideals/values)

Bad horse (emotion/wants)

Aristotle's definition of rhetoric

art of finding, in each particular case, the available means of persuasion

Aristotle's justification for teaching rhetoric?

1) truth wins, convince your truth

2) Some audiences need more convincing

3) A form of literacy

4) Self defense

Aristotle's Artistic Proofs

ethos, pathos, logos

Aristotle's Inartistic Proofs

evidence speaks for itself, big case-winning evidence

Special Topoi

for a specific speech, prove a course of action useful or not, wise or foolish

Common Topoi

Prove x by proving the opposite, from greater to less, value of precedent

Aristotle's Deliberative Oratory

Politics, future-oriented, the public good

Aristotle's Epideitic Oratory

Ceremonial speeches, present, praise or blame

Aristotle's Forensic Oratory

Courtroom pleading, past, just/unjust, justice/defense

What was the historical context of Cicero

Translator from greek to roman, great public speaker, death led to the fall of the Republic

What does Cicero think rhetoric is good for

foundation of civil society

Cicero's definition of rhetoric

wisdom without eloquence is ineffective; eloquence without wisdom is dangerous

Cicero's Five Canons of Rhetoric

invention, arrangement, style, delivery, memory

Invention (canon)

proofs to persuade the audience

Arrangment (Canons)

order of reasons

Style (canon)

expression, certain words, phrasing

Delivery (canon)

where (setting), how (channel), body language

Memory (canon)

perception of sincerity

Cicero's Stasis System

issue of fact, issue of definition, issue of quality, issue of procedure

Who, in Quintilian's opinion, is the ideal orator?

a good man speaking well

Why is Quintilian's rhetorical theory focused on the court rather than political oratory? ⭐

Many bad people in politics, focus more on the person

No laws were getting passed

Political oratory would get him killed

Quintilian's advice on ordering forensic speeches

Exordium, narratio, confirmatio, confutatio, peroration

Exordium

1. creates goodwill

Narratio

2. story, context, background info

Confirmatio

3. argues in favor one's side

Confutatio

4. attacks other side, rebuttal, counter

Peroration

5. concludes, activates emotion (pity, hatred, disgust)

What is the sublime

state of being overwhelmed with awe leading to loss of rationality, alienation from the ordinary, feeling connected

Differentiate between tropes and figures

creative substitution VS creative arrangements

what is the relationship between eloquence and the sublime

Language influences emotional states, sublime can change audience's positions

Who was the most influential rhetorician during the Middle Ages? Why?

Cicero's works survive and everyone knows who he is, The Catholic church uses his ideas

Compare Augustine's epistemology to Plato and Gorgias ⭐

Believed a great powerful "God" sought to speak to people

Everything points to God

Why is Augustine concerned about rhetoric?

Rhetoric has a pagan background

what roles does Augustine find for rhetoric?

Describing the inexpressible, the Holy Bible

Discover, teach, and defend scripture

What is the political situation during the Middle Ages in Europe?

Central government gone, chaos, death, emperor overthrown by barbarians, Church takes over

What three major kinds of activities are places for rhetoric during the Middle Ages?

Peaching, letter writing, poetry

What social function did letter writing serve during the Middle Ages? ⭐

Complex social relationships, business arrangements, record agreements, organize the social ladder

What important technology grows interest in Rhetoric during The Renaissance?

Printing Press lead to a wide distributions and translation of the Bible leading people to question the Church

What is the general political situation during the Renaissance?

Increased political stability and economic development, access to information

What is humanism?

People can fix their own problems, improve themselves, and be capable of anything

How did the Italian Humanists see rhetoric?

Bringing people together, fostering cooperation and trade between city-states of Italy

How did Castiglione adapt Cicero for life in the Renaissance?

Adapt Cicero into the royal court

A good man speaking well

Sprezzatura - subtle suggestions to the king

In what ways does Erasmus revive Sophistry?

In Praise of Folly, skepticism about truth

Nothing is true, you can never be sure you are absolutely right