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Oasis
Fertile area in a desert, supporting life.
Ottomans
Turkish empire lasting from 1299 to 1922.
Passover
Jewish holiday commemorating Exodus from Egypt.
Persia
Ancient empire located in modern-day Iran.
Phoenicians
Ancient civilization known for trade and alphabet.
PLO
Palestine Liberation Organization, seeking Palestinian statehood.
Qesas crime
Retributive justice in Islamic law.
Qudi
Islamic judge interpreting Sharia law.
Rabbi
Jewish religious leader and teacher.
Ramadan
Islamic holy month of fasting and prayer.
Safavids
Persian dynasty known for establishing Shia Islam.
Saladin
Muslim leader during the Crusades, known for chivalry.
Salat
Islamic ritual prayer performed five times daily.
Satrap
Governor of a province in ancient Persia.
Sawn
Fasting during Ramadan from dawn to dusk.
Seljuks
Turkic dynasty that controlled parts of the Middle East.
Shahada
Islamic declaration of faith, stating monotheism.
Sharia
Islamic law derived from the Quran and Hadith.
Shia/Shiite
Branch of Islam believing in leadership by Ali's descendants.
Suez Canal Crisis
1956 conflict over control of the Suez Canal.
Suleiman the Magnificent
Ottoman sultan known for territorial expansion and reforms.
Sumerians
Ancient civilization in Mesopotamia, credited with writing.
Sunni
Branch of Islam following the majority consensus.
Tazir crime
Minor offenses under Islamic law, with discretionary punishment.
Temple/Synagogue
Jewish places of worship and community gathering.
TeNaKh
Hebrew Bible, consisting of Torah, Prophets, Writings.
Theocracy
Government system where priests rule in God's name.
Umayyids
First Islamic dynasty, expanding the caliphate significantly.
UN Partition Plan of Palestine
1947 proposal to divide Palestine into Jewish and Arab states.
Urban II
Pope who initiated the First Crusade in 1095.
Yom Kippur War
1973 conflict between Israel and Arab states.
Zakat
Islamic almsgiving, one of the Five Pillars.
Ziggurat
Massive structure built in ancient Mesopotamia for worship.
Zionism
Movement for the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland.
Zoroastrianism
Ancient Persian religion emphasizing dualism and fire worship.
1948 War
Conflict leading to Israel's independence and Arab displacement.
Balfour Declaration
1917 statement supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
Five Pillars of faith
Core beliefs and practices in Islam.
Hadith
Recorded sayings and actions of Prophet Mohammed.
hajj
Mandatory pilgrimage to Mecca, performed annually.
Intifada II
2000 Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation.
Koran
Holy book of Islam, containing revelations to Mohammed.
Millets
Autonomous religious communities within the Ottoman Empire.
caliph
Religious leader in Islam, considered a successor to Mohammed.
Crusaders
European knights who fought in the Holy Land.
