cell divison

Cell cycle

The steps a cell goes through to grow, copy its DNA, and divide

Purpose of the cell cycle

To help the body grow, repair, and make new cells

Interphase

The stage where the cell grows and copies its DNA

G1

The cell grows and makes proteins and organelles

S phase

DNA is copied

G2

The cell prepares for mitosis and checks DNA

G0

A resting stage where the cell does not divide

Mitosis

The nucleus divides into two identical nuclei

Prophase

Chromosomes become visible and the nucleus breaks down

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and move apart

Telophase

New nuclei form and chromosomes unwind

Cytokinesis

The cell splits into two cells

Result of mitosis

Two identical diploid daughter cells

Asexual reproduction

One parent makes identical offspring

Sexual reproduction

Two parents make genetically different offspring

Binary fission

A simple way bacteria divide into two identical cells

Prokaryotic chromosomes

One circular chromosome with no nucleus

Eukaryotic chromosomes

Many linear chromosomes inside a nucleus

embryonic

Stem cells

Cells that can turn into different types of cells

Embryonic stem cells

Stem cells that can become almost any cell type

adult stem cells

Stem cells that can become a few cell types

Differentiation

When cells become specialized

Checkpoints

Control points that check if the cell is ready to divide

Mutations

Changes in DNA

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell division

Benign tumor

A tumor that does not spread

Malignant tumor

A tumor that spreads to other tissues