biochemistry

What are orbitals?

areas with high probability of finding electrons (probability clouds)

What is a cation?

An atom that lost an elctron and became positively charged

What is a anion?

an atom the gained an electron and become negatively charged

What are isotopes?

the same element with a different number of neutrons and therefore different mass. (different variation of the same element)

What is electronegativity?

the measure of the ability for an atom to attract electrons

Whats the electronegativity trend going across the PT?

Electronegativity increases.

Whats the electronegativity trend going down the PT?

Electronegativity decreases

why does EN increase going across the PT?

there are more neutrons which will attract more electrons

Why does the EN decrease going down the PT?

There are more shells that make the electrons farther from the neutrons therefore its harder to attract electrons

What is ionic bonding?

complete transfer of 1 or more valence electrons; results in charges (cation and anions)

What is a non polar covalent bonding?

bonding electrons shared equally between two atoms. no charges

What does the EN difference have to be for the bond to be ionic?

equal to or greater than 1.7

what does the EN difference have to be for it to be a covalent bond?

less than 1.7

what is polar covalent bonding?

electrons shared unequally between atoms. Partial charges

EN for polar covalent bonds is 0.4- 1.6

true

The Atom with the smallest EN becomes negatively charged

False. Largest

EN for Non polar covalent bonds is o.3 or less

true

Symmetrical molecules are

non polar

assymetrical molecules are

polar

Assymetrical Molecules can produce non polar molecule if..

all the bonds in the molecule are non polar

Where does INTRAmolecular bonding (chemical bonding)

in the molecule

are INTRAmolecular bonding strong or weak?

strong

INTRAmolecular bonding happens with?

ionic and covalent

Where does INTERmolecular bonding happen?

between molecules

Are INTERmolecular bond stronger or weaker than INTRAmolecular bonds?

Weaker

What are the 3 INTERmolecular forces (van der-waals forces)

Dipole - Dipole, Hydrodgen and , London Dispersion forces.

What is a dipole-dipole force

attraction between to polar molecules

what is a hydrodgen bond?

Attraction between the H of one atom and the highly electronegative N, O or F of two polar molecules

What is an LDF?

attraction between molecules when the random movement of electrons create a temporary Dipole dipole

What are hydrophobic interactions?

tendency of non-polar groups to stay close together because they are repelled by the polar substance (typically water)

What are hydrophic reactions importan in?

The cell membrane

What is a dehydration reaction?

two molecules joined together to form a large molecule, water is removed.

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

A large molecule splitting into two, water is added ( as a reactant)

what is a neutralization reaction?

an acid and base form salt and water

what is a redox reaction?

loss of one electron from an atom that is gained by another atom

what is the loss of electrons called in a redox reaction?

oxidation

what is the gain of an electron called in a redox reaction?

reduction

where does the transfer come from in a redox reaction?

electrons moving from where they are weakly held to where they are strongly held

what charge do electrons have?

-1 (negative charge)

what charge do neutrons have?

0 (no charge)

what charge do protons have?

+1 (positive charge)

how do you calculate the # of neutrons?

atomic mass - atomic #

What molecule is special for its size, shape, polar structure and ability for hydrogen bonding?

water

Adhesion, cohesion, high specific heat capacity, high specific heat vaporization, lower density of water as ice are all…?

properties of water

What is adhesion?

water molecules form H-bonds with other polar molecules

adhesions biological importance

capillary action (xylem in plants), polar substances are soluble in water

What is cohesion?

water molecules form hydrogen bonds with eachother

cohesions biological importance?

high surface tension (allows bugs to “walk on water”

what is high specific heat capacity?

Large quantities of energy are able to be absorbed by water without a significant change to its temperature due to hydrogen bonds. 

What is specific heat capacity (definiton)?

Specific heat capacity = amount of thermal energy required to increase the temperature of water by one degree celsius

What is the biological importance of high specific heat capacity?

Organisms can maintain a constant body temperature

What is High specific heat of vaporization

liquid water can absorb large amounts of energy to become a gas.

What is the biological importance of high specific heat of vaporization?

Ability of an organism to rid excess heat through evaporation of water from skin (sweating)

What is lower density of water as ice?

H-bonds keep water molecule farther apart than in liquid format to reduce density in its solid form

What is the biological importance of lower density of water as ice?

ice floats and snow is a good insulator for hibernating animals

Water is a universal…?

solvent

because water is small and highly polar what can it easily surround?

polar and charged particles and ions

particles that are attracted to water because they are also polar are..?

hydrophillic

particles that repel water because they are non-polar are..?

hydrophobic

What are buffers?

a chemical that compensates for changes in pH by absorbing or releasing H+

buffers are usually weak..?

acids or bases or a combination

Do not fully dissociate, Reversible reaction, Reactant or product is favoured depending on need, Blood maintains pH 7.35-7.45 because of the carbonic acid buffer system are all characteristics of ..?

weak acids/ bases

What is the building block of life

carbon

how many covalent bonds is can carbon make and why?

4, because it has 4 valence electrons

The length and branching of a carbon skeleton, the # of double bonds, and ring structure are all factors that can make…?

different variations of a carbon compound

functional groups are usually…?

ionic or strongly polar covalent compounds

is the part of the molecule that is not the functional group polar or nonpolar?

nonpolar and therefore not attracted to other molecules

the functional group of a compound is strongly attracted to…?

other ionic/polar molecules

functional groups are..?

a group of atoms that affects the function of a molecule by participating in reactions

What functional group is this and where is it found ?

hydroxyl, found in carbohydrates

what functional group is this and where is it found?

carbonyl, found in lipids

What functional group is this and where is it found?

carboxyl, found in proteins

What functional group is this and where is it found?

amino, found in proteins

What functional group is this and where is it found?

Phosphate, found in DNA and ATP

Which functional group is involved in dehydration synthesis?

Hydroxy (-OH)

monomers are…?

a single unit

polymers are…?

many units bound together

all basic biological macromolecules follow what basic pattern?

M+M+M+M+M+M (M=monomer)

what is the subunit for a complex carbohydrate?

simple sugars (glucose)

what is the subunit for a lipid (triglyceride)?

glycerol and fatty acids

what is the subunit of a protein?

amino acids

what is the subunit of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA)?

nucleotides

condensation/dehydration and hydrolysis are ways that..?

subunits of macromolecules are assembled/disassembled

what type of reaction is condensation/dehydration synthesis considered?

anabolic

what type of reaction is hydrolysis considered?

catabolic

what are carbohydrates?

carbon dioxide and water

what produces carbohydrates?

plants

What is a monosaccharide?

simplest form of sugar

C₁H₂O₁ is the molecular formula for..?

a monosaccharide

do monasaccharides have polar or non polar function groups?

polar

are monosaccharides hydrophillic or phobic?

hydrophillic

What carbohydrate exists in linear form until its introduced to water?

monosaccharides

which carbonyl group is in the middle of the molecule?

ketones

what carbonyl group is at the end of the molecule?

aldehyde

What three factors can help you distinguish a carbohydrate?

The carbonyl group they possess, # of carbon atoms in backbone, spatial arrangement of carboxyl groups.

What will hydroxyl being in different planes cause?

It will cause a different molecular shape and therefore and therefore different chemical properties

in ring form, if a hydroxyl groups is below the plane it is..?

alpha

in ring form if a hydroxyl group is above the plane its..?

beta

What is a dissacharide

Two monosaccharides joined together in a dehydration reaction

The bond between two monosaccharides that form a disaccharide is a..?

glycosidic bond