Intro to Corrections Final

Compared to a probation-only sentence, the degree of security involved with intermediate sanctions are ____.

greater

Intermediate sanctions are said to allow judges to match the severity of punishment with which of the following characteristics of the crime?

Severity

Intermediate sanctions fall on a continuum between probation and ____.

incarceration

At which point relative to incarceration does "halfway-in" or residential confinement occur?

Prior to

The purpose of fines is to equalize which of the following impacts of a sentence on offenders?

Financial

Forfeiture is an intermediate sanction where the government seizes ____.

property

Civil forfeitures are in rem, which means the legal action is directly and solely ______.

against the property

Which of the following cannot be a stand-alone sanction?

Community service orders

Each of the following sanctions requires incarceration EXCEPT for ____.

intensive probation

In financial restitution, a routinely used intermediate sanction, the offender pays a sum of money to______.

the victim or victim's family

An offender under house arrest must remain confined in his or her residence_______.

for the duration or remainder of the sentence

Which of the following describes a community service order that requires an offender to work a certain number of hours at a private nonprofit or government agency, thereby avoiding a jail or prison sentence?

Court order

Reducing costs and overcrowding in the correctional system, keeping family relations intact, and offenders having access to healthcare in the community are reasons to study the advantages of______.

house arrest

In addition to probationers, which of these can also be used with bailees and parolees?

Electronic monitoring

Which of the following describes how the advent of specialized courts has impacted the scope of intermediate sentencing?

The scope has increased.

Which type of specialized court was fish inspired by the veterans' Stand Down movement, which brought services and support to veterans?

homeless courts

Residential community corrections centers can serve as halfway-back alternatives for probation and parole violators who get a last chance before being sentenced to______.

a correctional institution

Drug courts have been successful in _______.

lowering recidivism rates

The focus of restorative justice concerns the welfare of crime____

victims

In bringing criminals and victims together to heal the wounds that a criminal act caused, the campaign for restorative justice advocates which of the following approaches?

Alternatives to incarceration

Which of these is a form of community conference, adopted by the criminal justice system in the 1980s as First Nations peoples of the Yukon and local criminal justice officials endeavored to build more constructive ties between the criminal justice system and the grassroots community?

Circle sentencing

The most popular form of restorative justice emphasizes restitution as the key element of the reparative process and involves_____.

restitution programs

Graduated sanctions can increase compliance to the conditions of the courts, provide cost-effective crime control measures, and____.

reduce over reliance on incarceration

Benefits attributed to graduated sanctions are certainty, celerity, proportionality, and ______.

progressiveness

A major criticism of intermediate sanctions that_____________.

they result in an expansion of the overall system rather than reduce the number of those sentenced to prison

The English jail was brought to North American colonies from Britain, and detained individuals who were

a. born outside of the colonies

b. adult offenders

c. awaiting trial and awaiting punishment

d. fighting for independence

C. awaiting trial and awaiting punishment

Colonial jail conditions were deplorable because personal gain, rather than community benefit, was the priority of __________.

a. sheriffs

b. citizens

c. criminals

d. reformers

a. sheriffs

Which of the following replaced torture and mutilation as punishment for crimes when William Penn's ideas reformed jails in Pennsylvania in the 17th century?

a. hard labor

b. street cleaning

c. probation

d. debt collection

a. hard labor

The jail population at the beginning of the 19th century housed __________.

a. soldiers

b. antislavery advocates

c. colonists

d. children and the mentally ill

d. children and the mentally ill

Which of the following facilities are typically used to detain people before trial who cannot make or afford bail?

a. houses of corrections

b. jails

c. prisons

d. lockup

b. jails

Jails are diverse and can vary according to urban or rural location, size, and __________.

a. programs

b. security levels

c. access to religious services

d. offering bail for dangerous felons

a. programs

Which of the following is a major reason for overcrowding and high jail populations?

a. lack of evidence for a crime

b. correctional officials using local jails to house inmates for whom there is no room in state prisons

c. the presence of female inmates

d. a decade-long downturn in the crime rate

b. correctional officials using local jails to house inmates for whom there is no room in state prisons

The number of juveniles held in jails has declined primarily because of the __________.

a. downturn of prosecution of juveniles

b. jail populations responding to efforts to reduce or control particular crime problems

c. administration by government entities other than the county

d. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

d. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

Which of the following groups remain overrepresented in jail populations?

a. the fully employed

b. major offenders

c. the rich

d. the poor

d. the poor

Some sheriffs have begun to run their county jails in which of the following approaches?

a. colonial

b. fee system

c. irresponsible

d. professional

d. professional

Which of the following are widely used alternatives to local or state control of jails?

a. social service agencies

b. federal jurisdictions

c. political institutions

d. cooperative, regional, or multicounty arrangements

d. cooperative, regional, or multicounty arrangements

Which of the following describes a type of new-generation jail construction?

a. A group of inmates, in one large room

b. Second-generation, with indirect /remote surveillance of inmates

c. First-generation, with linear/intermittent surveillance of inmates

d. Direct or podular/direct supervision of inmates, using the physical plant

d. Direct or podular/direct supervision of inmates, using the physical plant

A major disadvantage for inmates of total supervision in a fourth-generation, OmniView Total Supervision jail or prison, is __________.

a. that violence is minimized

b. that stairwells are not visible

c. the lack of privacy (inmates are constantly being watched)

d. the high-strength, mirrored-glass control center is centrally placed

c. the lack of privacy (inmates are constantly being watched)

A program for inmates that is constitutionally mandated in all jails is __________.

a. to make available adequate healthcare delivery systems

b. a work release program

c. an adult basic education program

d. counseling

a. to make available adequate healthcare delivery systems

Jails are required to provide __________.

a. religious services

b. a ban on the use of a law library

c. home arrest

d. a general education degree program

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a. religious services

Two factors have recently changed the jobs of correctional officers in jails and how they are trained, one of which includes new-generation jail structures and the other of which includes __________.

a. a movement toward professionalism

b. transfer to the street patrols

c. lack of training given to recruits

d. an emphasis on brute strength

a. a movement toward professionalism

Correctional officers must understand that which of the following may pose the highest potential for personal or agency liability?

a. access to a general education degree program

b. violation of constitutional rights

c. access to fitness equipment

d. lack of OmniView Total Supervision

b. violation of constitutional rights

Which of the following programs represents a program that almost all jails have, yet the underlying problem continues to plague jail administrators?

a. suicide

b. drug treatment

c. spousal visit

d. work release

a. suicide

Increased supervision and contemporary programs in jails seems to lead to less of which of the following in jail facilities?

a. education

b. violence

c. physical fitness

d. overcrowding

b. violence

For jail administrators, treating inmates with mental illness compared to treating inmates without mental health issues proves to be __________.

a. far easier

b. more time consuming and difficult

c. as equally challenging

d. less time consuming

b. more time consuming and difficult

The downsizing or elimination of community-based mental health treatment has resulted in __________.

a. shorter therapy programs in jail

b. fewer cases of mental illness

c. more people diagnosed with mental illness being sent to jail

d. fewer mental illness treatment programs for inmates

c. more people diagnosed with mental illness being sent to jail

Which of the following are likely to be experienced by jail officers and is linked to perceived danger, role problems, job satisfaction, and organizational strengths?

a. occupational and general stress

b. job satisfaction

c. professionalism

d. working overtime

a. occupational and general stress

In urban jails, which of the following characteristics may lead to unique challenges?

a. programs and social services

b. too much space per inmate

c. violence among inmates and violence occasionally directed toward staff

d. lack of transfers made to the jail by the Federal Bureau of Prisons

c. violence among inmates and violence occasionally directed toward staff

Which of the following is becoming increasingly widespread on the correctional landscape?

a. undersupervision

b. federal control

c. lack of standards

d. privatization

d. privatization

inmates' quality of life in jail has improved in part due to __________.

a. expanded programming

b. decreased support

c. new-generation jails

d. cuts in programs

a. expanded programming

James Jacobs' analysis of what correctional center concluded that it reflected the social organization and moral values of the larger society outside its walls?

a. Clinton Correctional Facility

b. Menard Correctional Center

c. Attica Prison

d. Stateville Correctional Center

d. Stateville Correctional Center

Which of the following does NOT tend to be found in more exaggerated forms within prisons?

a. mental illness

b. violent crime

c. absenteeism

d. racial discrimination

c. absenteeism

Which of the following most contributed to the decline of the once-model correctional facility in Vienna, Illinois?

a. inmate violence

b. drug running

c. budget cuts

d. penal harm

c. budget cuts

Which of the following is true of the gender breakdown of inmates in state and federal prisons?

a. The inmate population is 73 percent female.

b. The inmate population is 93 percent male.

c. The inmate population is 50 percent male.

d. The inmate population is 67 percent male.

b. The inmate population is 93 percent male.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about offense characteristics?

a. Hispanic inmates are more likely to be sentenced to drug offenses than whites.

b. More than half of female inmates have been sentenced for violent offenses.

c. African Americans are more likely than whites to be sentenced for property offenses.

d. Drug offenders represent the most serious charge for 53 percent of inmates in state prisons.

a. Hispanic inmates are more likely to be sentenced to drug offenses than whites.

Why was the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) established?

a. to assist the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in tracking down escaped prisoners

b. to provide training and other assistance to state correctional facilities

c. to administer 11 federal prisons

d. to handle overflow from state prisons

c. to administer 11 federal prisons

What is UNICOR?

a. the trade name used by the Federal Prison Industries (FPI)

b. the Federal Bureau of Prisons' drug treatment program

c. the designation given to the highest-security federal prisons

d. the federal prison that was the site of a deadly prison fire

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a. the trade name used by the Federal Prison Industries (FPI)

Why has the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) traditionally been willing to receive the most hard-to-control inmates from state prisons?

a. because the Bureau of Prisons has administrative maximum (ADX) prisons designed to handle the most difficult inmates

b. because payments from state prisons help balance the federal budget

c. because most hard-to-control inmates have also violated federal law

d. because the Bureau of Prisons has been able to house such inmates more economically than state governments

a. because the Bureau of Prisons has administrative maximum (ADX) prisons designed to handle the most difficult inmates

Which of the following differences does NOT make state systems difficult to compare and evaluate?

a. programs

b. structure

c. income

d. ideology

c. income

How many correctional institutions have been accredited or are in the process of accreditation?

a. 500

b. 5

c. 50

d. 5,000

a. 500

What terms best describe the principal mission of Connecticut's correctional system?

a. discipline and education

b. community-based corrections

c. safe and humane

d. command and control

c. safe and humane

Which state does NOT offer a correctional academy with extensive training programs?

a. Minnesota

b. California

c. New York

d. Illinois

a. Minnesota

The private sector's involvement in corrections dates back to what century?

a. 20th

b. 19th

c. 17th

d. 18th

b. 19th

What has happened to the size of the private prison population in recent years?

a. It has declined tremendously.

b. It has gone sharply up and then sharply down.

c. It has continued to soar.

d. It soared, and then showed a slight decrease.

d. It soared, and then showed a slight decrease.

What is the most likely explanation for the evidence that inmates in private prisons who do reoffend may commit less serious offenses than those released from public institutions?

a. Private prisons give cash incentives for inmates not to reoffend upon release.

b. Public prisons uniformly focus on brutal control strategies that increase recidivism.

c. Private prisons are inherently better at reducing recidivism that public ones.

d. Private prisons tend to house different types of inmates than public ones.

d. Private prisons tend to house different types of inmates than public ones.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the typical difference between men's and women's prisons?

a. Women's prisons have highly developed, almost family-like drug networks.

b. Women's prisons have fewer treatment and vocational programs.

c. Men's prisons have multiple security classifications within one facility.

d. Men's prisons feature a lower rate of sexual violence.

b. Women's prisons have fewer treatment and vocational programs.

The absence of external fences generally characterizes which type of prison?

a. supermax security

b. medium security

c. maximum security

d. minimum security

d. minimum security

Supermax prisons are based on what penal philosophy?

a. rehabilitation

b. diversification

c. isolation

d. degradation

c. isolation

Which of the following is NOT a standard design for U.S. prisons?

a. radial design

b. rotary design

c. courtyard style

d. campus style

b. rotary design

What is a major advantage of the wave of new prison construction across the nation?

a. New prisons allow old, dungeon-like ones to be torn down.

b. New prisons have eliminated the fear of inmate violence.

c. New prisons tend to be less expensive than older ones.

d. New prisons can be shared by federal, state, and private administrators.

a. New prisons allow old, dungeon-like ones to be torn down.

Which of the following is NOT a current use of technology in prisons?

a. heartbeat monitoring

b. backscatter imaging

c. induced sleep cycles

d. transmitter wristbands

c. induced sleep cycles

Which of the following is NOT part of a correctional administrator's basic responsibilities?

a. inmate sentencing

b. dealing with civil suits

c. fiscal management

d. establishment of policy

a. inmate sentencing

In Illinois' Menard Correctional center, which administrator is most responsible for religious services?

a. assistant warden, operations

b. assistant warden, administration

c. assistant warden, programs

d. business administrator

c. assistant warden, programs

What is the chief characteristic of a proactive warden?

a. anticipating problems

b. limiting expenses

c. punishing inmates

d. expanding staff development

a. anticipating problems

What is the chief success of the Moms with Babies program?

a. Participants have a zero percent divorce rate.

b. The program has a zero percent recidivism rate.

c. Inmates are able to generate supplemental income.

d. It lowers drug trafficking among inmates.

b. The program has a zero percent recidivism rate.

Which statement best describes the purpose of prison classification?

a. to ensure an inmate has access to any needed medical care

b. to balance security needs with an inmate's treatment needs

c. to determine the placement most likely to succeed in rehabilitating an inmate

d. to place an inmate in a facility that will prevent escape

b. to balance security needs with an inmate's treatment needs

Which statement about prison classification systems is true?

a. Behavior-based classification systems are the most effective.

b. Classification systems must be adapted to the specific prison population.

c. Classification systems for females are not effective with male prisoners.

d. Behavior-based systems have been proven to be more valid that personality-based systems.

b. Classification systems must be adapted to the specific prison population.

How does external classification help control costs?

a. by assigning only prisoners who are likely to benefit to vocational programs

b. by placing compatible prisoners in the same unit to reduce tension

c. by ensuring prisoners have access to preventive medical care

d. by confining prisoners at the lowest level of security necessary for control

d. by confining prisoners at the lowest level of security necessary for control

Under which model of prison culture would corrections officers attempt to influence prison culture by creating more pleasant living conditions?

a. administrative-control model

b. situational model

c. importation model

d. deprivation model

b. situational model

Which statement best describes the influence of gangs in prisons?

a. Rivalries among gangs prevent any one leader from having much power.

b. Gang activity has been increasing since the early 2000s.

c. Gang violence has decreased as authorities defuse racial tensions.

d. In the early 2000s, authorities broke gangs' control over prisons.

b. Gang activity has been increasing since the early 2000s.

According to Trulson and Marquart, what is the most effective way to defuse racial violence in prison?

a. using high-tech surveillance to detect violence before it escalates

b. desegregating prisons by housing inmates randomly

c. imposing swift and sure punishment for any attempt to retaliate after a racial incident

d. separating members of black and Hispanic gangs

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b. desegregating prisons by housing inmates randomly

Which definition of contraband is the most accurate?

a. illegal drugs

b. items that could assist in an escape

c. weapons

d. any unauthorized substance or material possessed by inmates

d. any unauthorized substance or material possessed by inmates

Fleisher's study of sexual violence in prison found that most sex was used to win favors or privileges and was often __________.

a. conjugal

b. forced by a guard or correctional official

c. consensual

d. forced by another inmate

c. consensual

According to the authors, what is the most effective way to prevent prison rape?

a. increasing video surveillance

b. encouraging victims of assault to testify

c. improving reporting under the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003

d. isolating vulnerable inmates from potential abuses

d. isolating vulnerable inmates from potential abuses

Which incident is an example of a nonviolent inmate disturbance?

a. assaulting officers

b. taking control of an area of the prison

c. destroying institutional property

d. holding a voluntary lockdown

d. holding a voluntary lockdown

Which theory of collective violence links violent outbreaks directly to physical conditions in the prison?

a. basic survival

b. administrative-control theory

c. inmate-balance theory

d. overcrowding

d. overcrowding

What change in sentencing has led to the recent increase in the number of women in prison?

a. A woman with dependents is now as likely to receive a jail sentence as a community-based sentence.

b. A woman who commits a serious crime now typically receives the same sentence as a man.

c. Mandatory minimum laws often subject nonviolent women offenders to the same sentences as principals in the drug trade.

d. Women no longer have the advantage in working out a plea agreement.

c. Mandatory minimum laws often subject nonviolent women offenders to the same sentences as principals in the drug trade.

What is the authors' opinion on gender-neutral sentencing?

a. They are fair because women are committing more serious crimes.

b. They correct a tradition of judicial favoritism toward women.

c. They benefit males, but females often receive harsher sentences.

d. They have been adjusted to account for circumstances that mitigate women's involvement in drug crimes.

c. They benefit males, but females often receive harsher sentences.

What common feature of women's adaptation to life in prison was revealed by the classic study conducted by Giallombardo?

a. Women form fictive family groupings with inmates who are not related to them.

b. Women turn their anger and anxiety inward.

c. Women assume the role of either butch or femme.

d. Women segregate themselves into groups based on racial identity.

a. Women form fictive family groupings with inmates who are not related to them.

How do the findings of contemporary studies of women's experience of prison compare to the classic studies?

a. Women now are more suspicious of other inmates.

b. Women are becoming more like men in seeking ways to compensate for the deprivations of prison life.

c. Recent studies replicate the findings of the classic studies.

d. An increasing number of women are adopting the isolate style of serving time.

a. Women now are more suspicious of other inmates.

Over the past 40 years, what is one major change in the culture of women's prisons according to Kruttschnitt and Gartner?

a. Race has become less critical to prison culture.

b. Administrators now focus more on control than rehabilitation.

c. Gangs are no longer a serious issue.

d. Women have learned to "lean in" rather than "stay out of the mix."

b. Administrators now focus more on control than rehabilitation.

Barbara Owens found that a woman inmate's style of doing time was influenced both by their stage in their criminal and prison career as well as their commitment to their __________.

a. criminal identity

b. life partner

c. racial identity

d. young children

a. criminal identity

Which statement could NOT be used to support the argument that gender-specific programs should be available for women prisoners?

a. Evidence shows gender-specific rehabilitation programs for women have higher success rates than programs for men.

b. Women experience imprisonment as a whole differently than men.

c. More than half of all incarcerated women are mothers.

d. Several court decisions found that vocational programs available to women prisoners were not equal to those available to males.

b. Women experience imprisonment as a whole differently than men.

Besides stronger mother-child bonding, what benefit has been gained from the Bedford Hills nursery program?

a. flexible visiting hours for children

b. lower recidivism rates

c. fewer violent incidents

d. improved postnatal healthcare

b. lower recidivism rates

Compared to men, women in prison have rates of illness that are __________.

a. much lower

b. higher

c. equal

d. lower

b. higher

Because of their histories, for which type of care do women prisoners typically have a higher need than men?

a. mental health

b. late-stage cancer

c. arthritis

d. stroke prevention

a. mental health

Which statement about healthcare issues in women's prisons is false?

a. In violation of international standards, many prisons/jails charge inmates for medical attention.

b. As the number of prisoners with histories of drug abuse grows, the number of treatment programs available has increased.

c. Only half of the state prison systems surveyed offer female-specific services such as mammograms and Pap smears, which often entail a long wait to be seen.

d. A shortage of qualified staff often leads to disrupted and poor-quality treatment, causing physical deterioration of prisoners with chronic and degenerative diseases.

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b. As the number of prisoners with histories of drug abuse grows, the number of treatment programs available has increased.

Which of the items below is NOT a sign that the role of a correctional officer is becoming more professional?

a. greater education requirements

b. higher pay

c. union memberships

d. paramilitary structure

d. paramilitary structure

According to the authors, what is the greatest problem correctional officers face?

a. working in an atmosphere charged with racial tension

b. the shift away from the old inmate code

c. alienation and isolation from inmates

d. their dual role: maintaining order and encouraging rehabilitation

d. their dual role: maintaining order and encouraging rehabilitation

What is the most important reason female correctional officers are now able to work in men's prisons?

a. Fears that male inmates would take advantage of female guards proved to be unfounded.

b. Officials have found ways to protect prisoners' privacy that are inexpensive to install.

c. Women are adept at striking a balance between enforcing the rules and allowing inmates to gain control.

d. Federal law prohibits sex discrimination in hiring by state and local government.

d. Federal law prohibits sex discrimination in hiring by state and local government.