RxPrep Common Conditions of the Eyes & Ears

true

True or False: Eye drops can be used in the ear, but never use ear drops in the eyes.

right ear

What does AD stand for?

left ear

What does AS stand for?

each ear

What does AU stand for?

right eye

What does OD stand for?

left eye

What does OS stand for?

each eye

What does OU stand for?

0.05

For eye and ear solutions, 1 drop = ________ mL.

suspension

What eye and ear formulation should be shaken well before use?

ointment

What eye formulation can make vision blurry?

gel

What eye and ear formulation should be inverted and shaken once prior to use?

glaucoma

disease of the eye that results in damage to the optic nerve and loss of the visual field

above

In most glaucoma cases, the IOP is (above/below) the normal range.

intraocular pressure

What does IOP stand for?

12-22

Normal IOP is ________ mmHg.

reduce IOP

What's the goal of glaucoma treatment?

open-angle

What's the most common type of glaucoma?

closed-angle

type of glaucoma that presents with a sharp, sudden increase in IOP due to a blockage; medical emergency

surgery

How is closed-angle glaucoma treated?

anticholinergics, chronic steroids, decongestants, topiramate

What are 4 drugs/classes that can increase IOP?

antihistamines, benztropine, oxybutynin, scopolamine, tolterodine, tricyclic antidepressants, trihexyphenidyl

What are 7 anticholinergic drugs/classes that can increase IOP?

pseudoephedrine

What's an example of a decongestant that can increase IOP?

prednisolone eye drops

What's an example of a chronic steroid that can increase IOP?

aqueous humor

Glaucoma treatments decrease IOP by targeting the ________.

prostaglandin analog

What drug class is commonly used as initial treatment for glaucoma and is the most effective at decreasing IOP?

beta blocker

What drug class is preferred in glaucoma when only one eye has a high IOP?

decrease production, increase outflow

What are the 2 main ways aqueous humor is targeted for glaucoma treatment?

beta blocker, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

What 2 drug classes used in glaucoma decrease aqueous humor production?

prostaglandin analog

What drug class used in glaucoma increases aqueous humor outflow?

alpha-2 agonist

What drug class used in glaucoma both increases aqueous humor outflow and decreases aqueous humor production?

prostaglandin analogs

Bimatoprost, latanoprost, travoprost, latanoprostene bunod, and tafluprost are examples of ________ used to treat glaucoma.

Lumigan

What's the brand name for bimatoprost?

Xalatan, Xelpros

What are 2 brand names for latanoprost?

Travatan Z

What's the brand name for travoprost?

Latisse

What's the brand name for bimatoprost that's indicated for eyelash growth?

false

True or False: Latisse may be used in combination with other prostaglandin analogs that are indicated for glaucoma.

1 drop QHS

How are prostaglandin analogs dosed for glaucoma?

eyelash darkening, eyelash growth, iris darkening

What are 3 warnings associated with prostaglandin analog eye drops?

blurred vision,

stinging

eyelash growth,

iris/eyelash darkening,

What are 4 side effects of prostaglandin analog eye drops?

latanoprost

What prostaglandin analog must be stored in the refrigerator before opening?

prost

Prostaglandin analog generic names end in "-________."

beta blockers

Timolol, betaxolol, carteolol, and levobunolol are examples of ________ used to treat glaucoma.

Istalol, Timoptic

What are 2 brand names for timolol?

Cosopt

What's the brand name for timolol + dorzolamide?

1 drop QD or BID

How is timolol dosed for glaucoma?

QD

How often is Timoptic-XE dosed for glaucoma?

10 minutes

You must wait ________ after administering other eye drops before inserting a beta blocker gel.

bradycardia/fatigue,

bronchospasm,

burning,

stinging

What are 4 side effects of beta blocker eye drops?

a

All beta blockers used in glaucoma are non-selective except:

a) betaxolol

b) carteolol

c) levobunolol

d) timolol

cholinergics (miotics)

Carbachol and pilocarpine are examples of ________ used to treat glaucoma.

miotic

agent that constricts the pupil

poor night vision; pupil constriction

A side effect of cholinergic eye drops used in glaucoma is ________ due to ________.

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Dorzolamide, brinzolamide, acetazolamide, and methazolamide are examples of ________ used to treat glaucoma.

sulfonamide allergy

What's a warning associated with carbonic anhydrase inhibitor eye drops?

acetazolamide

What carbonic anhydrase inhibitor is used infrequently for glaucoma and is used more often for the prevention and treatment of acute mountain (altitude) sickness?

amide

Drugs with "________" in the generic name should be used with caution in patients with a sulfonamide allergy.

alpha-2 agonists

Brimonidine and apraclonidine are examples of ________ used to treat glaucoma.

rho kinase inhibitor

Netarsudil is an example of a(n) ________ used to treat glaucoma.

pink eye

Conjunctivitis is also known as "________."

conjunctivitis

condition occurring in one or both eyes with symptoms including swelling, itching, burning, and redness of the protective membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the white part of the eye

allergen, bacteria, virus

What are 3 causes of conjunctivitis?

young children

Viral and bacterial conjunctivitis occur mostly in ________.

true

True or False: Viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are highly contagious.

avoid touching eyes, change towels/washcloths daily, discard eye cosmetics, thorough/frequent hand hygiene

What 4 things should a patient with viral or bacterial conjunctivitis be instructed to do to prevent the spread of the infection?

adenovirus

What virus most commonly causes viral conjunctivitis?

no topical treatment/runs its course

What's the typical treatment for viral conjunctivitis?

Staphylococcus aureus

What bacteria most commonly causes bacterial conjunctivitis?

Chlamydia, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

What 2 bacteria most commonly cause the more severe cases of bacterial conjunctivitis?

azithromycin,

moxifloxacin,

neomycin/polymyxin B/dexamethasone,

ofloxacin,

trimethoprim/polymyxin B (polytrim)

What are 5 topical antibiotic eye drops/ointments used to treat bacterial conjunctivitis?

Vigamox

What's the brand name for ophthalmic moxifloxacin?

Maxitrol

What's the brand name for ophthalmic neomycin/polymyxin B/dexamethasone?

Ocuflox

What's the brand name for ophthalmic ofloxacin?

Polytrim

What's the brand name for ophthalmic trimethoprim/polymyxin B?

refrigerator

How should ophthalmic azithromycin be stored?

14 days

Ophthalmic azithromycin is stable for ________ at room temperature.

animal dander, dust mites, mold, pollen

What are 4 common allergens that cause allergic conjunctivitis?

increased IOP

Prednisolone/steroid eye drops are often used acutely for a severe allergic conjunctivitis reaction, but not long term due to the risk of ________.

antihistamine, mast cell stabilizer

What 2 ophthalmic drug classes are used to treat allergic conjunctivitis?

azelastine, olopatadine

What are 2 ophthalmic antihistamines used to treat allergic conjunctivitis?

Pataday

What's the brand name for OTC ophthalmic olopatadine?

ketotifen

What's an ophthalmic antihistamine/mast cell stabilizer used to treat allergic conjunctivitis?

Alaway, Zaditor

What are 2 brand names for ophthalmic ketotifen?

blepharitis

eyelid inflammation that most commonly involves the eyelid margins

warm, moist washcloth

What's the preferred treatment for blepharitis?

cold; NSAID; steroid

Ophthalmic inflammation can be reduced with a (cold/warm) compress and either a(n) ________ eye drop (if mild) or a(n) ________ eye drop (if severe).

benzalkonium chloride

What's the most commonly used preservative in eye drops?

preservatives

What's the most common reason why eye drops burn?

15 minutes

Contact lenses should be removed before using eye drops, and you should wait ________ after administration before reinserting them.

prednisolone

What's an example of an ophthalmic steroid used to treat ophthalmic inflammation?

Pred Forte, Pred Mild

What are 2 brand names for ophthalmic prednisolone?

ketorolac

What's an example of an ophthalmic NSAID used to treat ophthalmic inflammation?

Acular

What's the brand name for ophthalmic ketorolac?

Refresh, Systane

What are 2 treatments for ophthalmic dryness?

artificial tears

Refresh and Systane are often referred to as ________.

cyclosporine emulsion eye drops

What's a typical ophthalmic treatment for chronic dry eye disease?

Restasis

What's the brand name for cyclosporine emulsion eye drops?

naphazoline,

naphazoline/pheniramine,

tetrahydrozoline

What are 3 ophthalmic drugs used to treat ophthalmic redness?

Clear Eyes Redness Relief

What's the brand name for ophthalmic naphazoline?

Naphcon A, Visine A

What are 2 brand names for ophthalmic naphazoline/pheniramine?

Visine

What's the brand name for ophthalmic tetrahydrozoline?