The Roman Republic and Empire

The Roman Republic and Empire

Chapter 5 is entitled as

The Romans build a strong Republic

Topic 1 of Roman Republic and Empire

Tiber River

Rome was a small town on ______ _______ in the central part of the Italian Peninsula. Which is located in the heart of Italy.

Latins

The early people that settle in Rome

Alphabets, military techniques, and styles of art, literature, and architecture.

The Greek Colonist settled in Italy and Romans adopted these.

Etruscans

People that lived in the prosperous trading cities to the north and west Rome.

The Forum

a central public square bult between two mountains.

Republic

A government without a King

Patricians

While Rome does not a democracy like Athens, they were governed by this people that came from the class of wealthy land owners

Senate, 300

This is the most powerful part of the government of the Republic, which consist of ___ members. They control Rome’s finances and affairs 

SPQR

These letters means “The Senate and the people of Rome”

Early Years of the republic

The Common people aka Plebians were not given rights. They planned to withdrew themselves to the republic. However, this was seen as a threat to the gov’t because Rome that time was in constant war with its neighboring country, Italy. Thus, they were provided a right to form an assembly.

Tribunes

They were the ones that protect the rights of the common people or Plebians.

Twelve Tables

These laws gave the common people some protection against the unfair decisions by a patrician judges.

superior, discipline, and organize.

Rome’s military was strong because of these attributes

Legion

the basic unit of the army composed of 3,000 to 6,000 infantry soldiers and 100 or more troops on horseback. 

Carthage

Rome got to war with the North-African city state which founded by Phoenicians and they were considered as a strong sea power. 

Punic Wars

The series of war between Rome and Carthage were called as this.

Sicily

This is the first province of Rome outside Italy Peninsula.

First Punic War, Second Punic War

1st PW - Fought in the sea

2nd PW - Fought through invasion. Rome planned to attacked Carthaginians in Spain after they dominate it and the Carthaginians planned to counter by attacking the North Part of Rome

Hannibal

He was the one that invade Roman Territory

Livy

The Rome was defeated by the Carthaginians. This Historian describe the situation as “The streets were loud with the wailing and weeping of women”

Scipio

He was the one that led the Roman army that attacked the Carthaginians in Spain. He also invaded North Africa, leading for Hannibal to go back to the Carthage. Thus, Hannibal was defeated by him in the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C

The Republic comes to an End

Topic 2 of Roman Republic and Empire

Agriculture

This is when the Roman’s Republic started to decline

Gracchus brothers

They were active in Politics and one of them were elected as a Tribune, promising to help the farmers.

Tiberius Gracchus

He fought for land ownership against the senators and was killed along with his 300 followers because he was seen as a threat.

Gaius Gracchus

The younger of Gracchus. He became a tribune 10 years later. He had given grains to the poor, gave land for the farmers, and rights for the middle class. He and several thousands were then killed.

Rome become corrupt and violent

Rome became different in the second century. Fear of Carthage held the Roman people together, loyal,  and united. This time, there are conflicts and issues between the rich and the poor. The killing on Gracchus brothers led to violence as a means of dealing political opponents. 

Gaius Marius

He began to recruit soldiers from the jobless poor. The people offered to be in service because he promised them that they will get something in return; money. The people did not serve their loyalty to the government, but rather to him alone. 

Lucius Cornelius Sulla

The rival of Marius. he used his victory to restore the authority of the senate, though he kept the real power for himself. in 82 B.C, he then was called a DICTATOR.

First Triumvirate

This refers to/when the three ambitious military heroes banded together; Pompey. Crassus, and Julius Caesar.

The Gallic War

Julius Caesar describe the success of his term on his book entitled as this. 

Good Things done by J.C

-lowering taxes

-reorganizes the government

-making the government officials/governors responsible to him

-he resettled 100,000 army veterans and others in new colonies and gave them land to farm

-he granted citizenship even beyond Italy

-took effect of the Julian Calendar 

March 15 44 B.C

J.C was assassinated on this day feared to end the republic. Brutus and Cassius stabbed him to death in the Senate.

Second Triumvirate

Was formed by three Caesar’s Supporters; Mark Anthony, Lepidus, and Octavian

Rome Unites a Vast Empire

Topic 3 is entitled as

Octavian

he ended the era of Republican system. He wanted to rule alone, just like Caesar who died because of this ambition, because he believe that only one strong man can make the state stronger.

His ruling was peaceful because he ended civil wars, etc..

Augustus

The Senate gave Octavian this title that was also used for the gods which means, “honored and majestic”

First Citizen

Augustus Caesar refers to this which implies that Rome is still a republic. But in reality, Augustus power marked the beginning of Roman Empire

Laws

This were passed to encourage people to marry and raised families

Pax Romana

After Octavian/Augustus’ death, his rule was considered as “The Roman Peace.”

Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero

1. He is the stepson of Augustus. His period was well

2. was both cruel and insane and was assassinated after 40 years of ruling by the members of the ruling guard

3. He restored order during his reign and backed the military expedition that made Britain part of the Roman Empire.

4. He is Cl… stepson, his reign at first was well but soon turned to bloodthirsty violence. Rome was devastated by fire in 64 AD, he then blamed it to the Christians leading to prosecution. 

Vespasian

There was lawlessness because the military leaders fought for power after Nero’s death. Thus, _____ was chosen as an emperor. In his 10 years of ruling, he restored discipline in the army and in the administration of empire.

Jews

They clashed with the Roman empire for their will to re-establish their ancient kingdom.

Good Emperors

succession of competent rulers founded by Nerva

Trajan

He was the successor of Nerva and he brought Mesopotamia under Roman’s rule

Hadrian

Trajan’s successor devoting his reign to security rather than expanding territory.

He encourage people to guard the wall

He is interested in Greek culture and was an amateur in Architect

Suppressed the second Jewish revolt in Judaea and imposed harsh punishments to the rebels

Marcus Aurelius

He was a scholarly man that follows his ideas to the Stoic philosophers but he was force to concentrate on border wars of Germanic Tribes and he was the last of the emperors chosen by the adoptive system.

Commodus

Son of Aurelius in which he was not fit to rule. His reign marked the end of Pax Romana.