Human Anatomy Chapter 1

a-

without

an-

without

ante-

before

append

hang to

axi

axis

brachi

arm

cardi

heart

caud

tail

crani

head

cephal

head

contra

against, opposite

dors

the back

epi-

above, over

-graph

write

infer

low, underneath

infra-

below

ipsi

same

later

side

morpho

form, shape

-logy

the study of

para

beside, near

pariet

a wall

patho

disease

pathy

disease

peri-

around

pleur

rib, side

post

behind, after

sagitt

arrow

super

above

tom

cut

trans

across, through

venter

belly

ventr

belly

viscero

organs

anatomy

the study of the structure of the human body

morphology

the science of form

physiology

the study of body function

gross anatomy

the study of body structures that can be examined by the naked eye — the bones, lungs, and muscles, for example

dissection

connective tissue is removed from between the body organs so that the organs can be seen more clearly; organs are cut open for viewing

regional anatomy

all structures in a single body region, such as the abdomen or head, are examined as a group

systemic anatomy

all the organs with related functions are studied together

surface anatomy

subdivision of gross anatomy; the study of shapes and markings (landmarks) on the surface of the body that reveal the underlying organs

microscopic anatomy / histology

the study of structures that are so small they can be seen only with a microscope

developmental anatomy

traces the structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan and the effects of aging

embryology

the study of how body structures form and develop before birth; helps to explain birth defects

pathological anatomy

deals with the structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease

pathology

the study of disease

radiographic anatomy

the study of internal body structures by means of X-ray studies and other imaging techniques

functional morphology

explores the functional properties of body structures and assesses the efficiency of their design

cells

smallest living things in the body

atoms

tiny building blocks of matter such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen that combine to form small molecules, such as carbon dioxide and water and larger macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

what are the four classes of macromolecules found in the body

macromolecules

the building blocks of the structures at the cellular level

macromolecules

contribute to the metabolic functions of the cells as an energy source (carbohydrates), as signaling molecules (proteins and lipid hormones), and as catalysts (enzymes)

chemical level

structural level where atoms combine to form molecules; molecules combine to form the macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids)

cellular level

the structural level where molecules come together to form cells, which are the smallest living units in the body

tissue level

structural level where tissues consist of similar types of cells and associated extracellular material; a group of similar cells working together to do a specific job

organ level

structural level including a structure made up of multiple tissue types working together

organ system level

structural level where an organ system is a unified group of organs and tissues that perform a specific function

organismal level

structural level with the highest level of organization; the whole person made up of all the simpler levels working together

macromolecule

hemoglobin, a protein found in your blood, is an example of what?

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

the four types of tissues that make up all organs of the human body

epithelial tissue

tissue type that covers the body surface and lines its cavities

connective tissue

tissue type that supports the body and protects its organs

muscle tissue

tissue type that provides movement

nervous tissue

tissue type that provides fast internal communication by transmitting elevtrical impulses

organ level

structural level where extremely complex physiological processes occur

organ

a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue

four

most organs are made up of how many tissue types?

organ

a functional center responsible for an activity that no other organ can perform

organ system

organs that work closely together to accomplish a common purpose

reproductive, urinary, nervous, muscular, respiratory, skeletal, endocrine, digestive, immune, cardiovascular, integumentary, lymphatic

name the body’s organ systems (mnemonic: RUN MRS. EDICIL!)

circulatory system

the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems collectively make up this system

integumentary system

organ system that forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury

integumentary system

organ system that synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands

skeletal system

organ system that protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; bones store minerals

muscular system

organ system that allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression

muscular system

organ system that maintains posture and produces heat

nervous system

organ system that is the fast-acting control system of the body

nervous system

organ system that responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

endocrine system

organ system in which glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells

cardiovascular system

organ system in which blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood

lymphatic system

organ system that picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood

lymphatic system

organ system that disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream

lymphatic system

organ system that houses white blood cells involved in immunity

immune system

organ system that mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body

respiratory system

organ system that keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

digestive system

organ system that breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells

digestive system

organ system in which indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces

urinary system

organ system that eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body

urinary system

organ system that regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

reproductive system

organ system in which the overall function is production of offspring

male reproductive system

organ system in which the testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract

female reproductive system

organ system in which the ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; the remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus

female reproductive system

organ system in which mammary glands of breasts produce milk to nourish a newborn

anatomical position

a person stands erect with feet flat on the ground, toes pointing forward and eyes facing forward; the palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body

head

cephalic region

forehead

frontal region

eye

orbital region

nose

nasal region